External sectors, trade and payments | Current account balance as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | -3.146 | -4.644 | -5.022 | -4.948 | -5.448 | -3.493 | -3.927 | -2.688 | -2.869 | -0.473 | -3.124 | -3.509 | -2.659 | -1.854 |
Exchange rate, national currency per USD | Pound Sterling | | 0.631 | 0.640 | 0.607 | 0.654 | 0.741 | 0.777 | 0.750 | 0.784 | 0.780 | 0.727 | 0.811 | 0.808 | 0.820 | 0.820 |
Exchange rate, USD per national currency | US Dollar | | 1.585 | 1.564 | 1.647 | 1.528 | 1.355 | 1.289 | 1.335 | 1.277 | 1.283 | 1.376 | 1.236 | 1.238 | 1.220 | 1.220 |
Exports of goods and services, volume in USD (national accounts basis) | US Dollar, 2015 | | 775 693 024 109.794 | 777 900 051 791.571 | 785 717 828 374.848 | 815 366 276 840.597 | 837 987 645 009.543 | 894 682 166 116.027 | 922 292 641 493.236 | 940 710 274 186.277 | 832 813 509 545.692 | 873 964 326 044.150 | 948 757 006 596.615 | 944 681 336 146.796 | 958 560 807 769.371 | 973 445 963 252.833 |
Goods and services trade, volume in USD | US Dollar, 2015 | | 765 251 350 689.919 | 778 595 039 342.398 | 802 356 579 401.536 | 837 474 125 515.134 | 865 875 663 990.838 | 908 364 729 844.266 | 936 452 707 869.267 | 958 580 569 201.803 | 826 503 228 474.146 | 872 268 293 195.469 | 971 240 672 626.049 | 962 970 865 872.758 | 977 249 190 942.597 | 990 169 336 314.301 |
Imports of goods and services, volume in USD (national accounts basis) | US Dollar, 2015 | | 754 809 677 270.043 | 779 290 026 893.225 | 818 995 330 428.224 | 859 581 974 189.670 | 893 763 682 972.133 | 922 047 293 572.504 | 950 612 774 245.297 | 976 450 864 217.330 | 820 192 947 402.600 | 870 572 260 346.788 | 993 724 338 655.482 | 981 260 395 598.721 | 995 937 574 115.823 | 1 006 892 709 375.770 |
Government accounts | General government gross financial assets as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | 37.897 | 35.491 | 35.053 | 34.053 | 34.303 | 34.227 | 33.927 | 34.063 | 40.279 | 38.918 | 34.572 | 34.572 | 34.572 | 34.572 |
General government gross financial liabilities as a percentage of GDP | Ratio | | 84.483 | 85.316 | 87.094 | 87.867 | 87.825 | 86.723 | 86.345 | 85.658 | 105.847 | 105.261 | 100.374 | 101.120 | 103.253 | 104.884 |
General government net lending as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | -8.033 | -5.348 | -5.492 | -4.565 | -3.298 | -2.463 | -2.232 | -2.458 | -13.034 | -7.871 | -4.567 | -5.535 | -4.462 | -3.701 |
General government primary balance as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | -5.390 | -2.757 | -3.054 | -2.480 | -1.060 | 0.008 | 0.000 | -0.510 | -11.304 | -5.363 | -0.549 | -1.806 | -1.249 | -0.704 |
Gross public debt, Maastricht criterion as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | 84.483 | 85.316 | 87.094 | 87.867 | 87.825 | 86.723 | 86.345 | 85.658 | 105.847 | 105.261 | 100.374 | 101.120 | 103.253 | 104.884 |
Expenditure and GDP | Change in inventories, contributions to changes in real GDP | Percentage, 2018 | | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.011 | -0.006 | -0.011 | -0.003 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | -0.005 | -0.005 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Exports of goods and services, volume (national accounts basis) | Pound Sterling, 2018 | | 582 729 000 000.000 | 584 387 000 000.000 | 590 260 000 000.000 | 612 533 000 000.000 | 629 527 000 000.000 | 672 118 000 000.000 | 692 860 000 000.000 | 706 696 000 000.000 | 625 640 000 000.000 | 656 554 000 000.000 | 712 741 000 000.000 | 709 679 207 136.414 | 720 105 974 385.525 | 731 288 248 171.830 |
Government final consumption expenditure, volume | Pound Sterling, 2018 | | 386 188 000 000.000 | 387 050 000 000.000 | 397 069 000 000.000 | 402 148 000 000.000 | 404 984 000 000.000 | 407 632 000 000.000 | 410 171 000 000.000 | 426 592 000 000.000 | 392 967 000 000.000 | 451 510 000 000.000 | 462 849 000 000.000 | 460 952 972 973.596 | 460 736 292 706.212 | 462 504 806 733.716 |
Gross capital formation, total, volume | Pound Sterling, 2018 | | 316 076 434 226.728 | 337 174 804 300.078 | 382 382 612 166.692 | 394 608 416 650.672 | 390 540 825 034.734 | 398 579 523 470.948 | 400 123 433 893.011 | 410 565 000 000.000 | 368 207 925 573.209 | 396 653 521 707.011 | 417 318 414 363.043 | 417 112 638 316.198 | 414 315 740 664.781 | 413 946 282 807.502 |
Gross domestic product, nominal value, market prices | Pound Sterling | | 1 713 715 000 000.000 | 1 781 361 000 000.000 | 1 862 514 000 000.000 | 1 916 451 000 000.000 | 1 991 645 000 000.000 | 2 082 482 000 000.000 | 2 152 304 000 000.000 | 2 233 921 000 000.000 | 2 104 288 000 000.000 | 2 284 079 000 000.000 | 2 506 170 000 000.000 | 2 702 866 126 101.330 | 2 800 896 954 422.010 | 2 887 933 995 010.320 |
Gross domestic product, volume in USD, at constant purchasing power parities | US Dollar, 2015 | | 2 577 068 709 340.360 | 2 623 258 084 386.850 | 2 707 091 706 590.070 | 2 767 196 135 134.720 | 2 820 355 727 053.000 | 2 895 238 137 439.840 | 2 935 881 260 962.440 | 2 984 077 011 198.940 | 2 674 929 592 442.500 | 2 906 977 168 844.450 | 3 033 330 716 928.430 | 3 049 461 554 985.700 | 3 070 183 789 330.300 | 3 105 539 533 464.950 |
Gross domestic product, volume in USD, constant exchange rates | US Dollar, 2015 | | 2 727 125 691 226.610 | 2 776 004 570 898.870 | 2 864 719 638 553.200 | 2 928 323 814 354.380 | 2 984 578 771 131.450 | 3 063 821 417 804.690 | 3 106 831 100 056.650 | 3 157 833 181 685.860 | 2 830 684 795 998.130 | 3 076 243 986 911.050 | 3 209 954 821 204.510 | 3 227 024 922 101.530 | 3 248 953 766 084.600 | 3 286 368 196 601.170 |
Gross domestic product, volume, market prices | Pound Sterling, 2018 | | 1 929 229 000 000.000 | 1 963 807 000 000.000 | 2 026 566 000 000.000 | 2 071 561 000 000.000 | 2 111 357 000 000.000 | 2 167 415 000 000.000 | 2 197 841 000 000.000 | 2 233 921 000 000.000 | 2 002 489 000 000.000 | 2 176 203 000 000.000 | 2 270 793 000 000.000 | 2 282 868 766 727.370 | 2 298 381 715 721.510 | 2 324 849 510 954.880 |
Gross fixed capital formation, total, volume | Pound Sterling, 2018 | | 310 222 000 000.000 | 320 303 000 000.000 | 342 840 000 000.000 | 367 340 000 000.000 | 386 225 000 000.000 | 399 752 000 000.000 | 397 838 000 000.000 | 406 423 000 000.000 | 362 657 000 000.000 | 389 652 000 000.000 | 420 601 000 000.000 | 431 780 276 394.449 | 424 127 232 670.791 | 423 726 316 127.213 |
Imports of goods and services, volume (national accounts basis) | Pound Sterling, 2018 | | 570 385 000 000.000 | 588 884 000 000.000 | 618 888 000 000.000 | 649 558 000 000.000 | 675 388 000 000.000 | 696 761 000 000.000 | 718 347 000 000.000 | 737 872 000 000.000 | 619 793 000 000.000 | 657 863 000 000.000 | 750 925 000 000.000 | 741 506 405 651.629 | 752 597 469 691.449 | 760 875 907 307.464 |
Net exports, contributions to changes in real GDP | Percentage, 2018 | | -0.006 | -0.009 | -0.013 | -0.004 | -0.004 | 0.010 | 0.000 | -0.003 | 0.017 | -0.003 | -0.017 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Private final consumption expenditure, volume | Pound Sterling, 2018 | | 1 211 642 869 706.570 | 1 242 398 442 777.980 | 1 276 102 233 903.440 | 1 312 250 762 578.940 | 1 360 537 661 857.520 | 1 385 411 714 187.210 | 1 412 601 911 803.730 | 1 427 940 000 000.000 | 1 238 935 902 119.230 | 1 331 253 709 929.220 | 1 399 966 320 643.240 | 1 407 131 603 115.020 | 1 426 435 837 707.870 | 1 448 571 192 188.240 |
Selected variables: ready-made growth rates | Exports of goods and services, volume, growth (national accounts basis) | Percentage, 2018 | | 0.760 | 0.285 | 1.005 | 3.773 | 2.774 | 6.766 | 3.086 | 1.997 | -11.470 | 4.941 | 8.558 | -0.430 | 1.469 | 1.553 |
Government final consumption expenditure, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 | | 1.491 | 0.223 | 2.589 | 1.279 | 0.705 | 0.654 | 0.623 | 4.003 | -7.882 | 14.898 | 2.511 | -0.410 | -0.047 | 0.384 |
Gross domestic product, market prices, deflator, growth | Percentage, 2018 | | 1.539 | 2.117 | 1.318 | 0.661 | 1.965 | 1.857 | 1.922 | 2.116 | 5.084 | -0.120 | 5.153 | 7.278 | 2.927 | 1.934 |
Gross domestic product, nominal value, growth | Percentage | | 3.075 | 3.947 | 4.556 | 2.896 | 3.924 | 4.561 | 3.353 | 3.792 | -5.803 | 8.544 | 9.723 | 7.848 | 3.627 | 3.107 |
Gross domestic product, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 | | 1.513 | 1.792 | 3.196 | 2.220 | 1.921 | 2.655 | 1.404 | 1.642 | -10.360 | 8.675 | 4.347 | 0.532 | 0.680 | 1.152 |
Gross fixed capital formation, total, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 | | 1.594 | 3.250 | 7.036 | 7.146 | 5.141 | 3.502 | -0.479 | 2.158 | -10.769 | 7.444 | 7.943 | 2.658 | -1.772 | -0.095 |
Harmonised core inflation | Percentage, 2018 | | 2.343 | 2.071 | 1.644 | 1.095 | 1.325 | 2.385 | 2.048 | 1.747 | 1.392 | 2.396 | 5.938 | 6.252 | 3.807 | 2.552 |
Harmonised headline inflation | Percentage, 2018 | | 2.801 | 2.568 | 1.472 | 0.050 | 0.642 | 2.691 | 2.475 | 1.778 | 0.881 | 2.582 | 9.054 | 7.301 | 2.874 | 2.462 |
Imports of goods and services, volume, growth (national accounts basis) | Percentage, 2018 | | 2.454 | 3.243 | 5.095 | 4.956 | 3.977 | 3.165 | 3.098 | 2.718 | -16.003 | 6.142 | 14.146 | -1.254 | 1.496 | 1.100 |
Private final consumption expenditure, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 | | 1.727 | 2.538 | 2.713 | 2.833 | 3.680 | 1.828 | 1.963 | 1.086 | -13.236 | 7.451 | 5.161 | 0.512 | 1.372 | 1.552 |
Household sector accounts | Gross disposable income of household and non-profit institutions serving households | Pound Sterling | | 1 128 936 000 000.000 | 1 175 806 000 000.000 | 1 216 953 000 000.000 | 1 286 210 000 000.000 | 1 311 367 000 000.000 | 1 347 073 000 000.000 | 1 402 439 000 000.000 | 1 452 962 000 000.000 | 1 453 866 000 000.000 | 1 508 219 000 000.000 | 1 602 682 000 000.000 | 1 727 906 133 110.130 | 1 799 045 806 804.020 | 1 850 880 540 689.360 |
Prices and deflators | Consumer price index, harmonised | Index, 2018 | | 0.891 | 0.914 | 0.927 | 0.928 | 0.934 | 0.959 | 0.983 | 1.000 | 1.009 | 1.035 | 1.129 | 1.211 | 1.246 | 1.276 |
Core inflation index, harmonised | Index, 2018 | | 0.885 | 0.903 | 0.918 | 0.928 | 0.941 | 0.963 | 0.983 | 1.000 | 1.014 | 1.038 | 1.100 | 1.169 | 1.213 | 1.244 |
Exports of goods and services, deflator (national accounts basis) | Index, 2018 | | 0.900 | 0.923 | 0.902 | 0.871 | 0.914 | 0.957 | 0.981 | 1.000 | 0.999 | 1.030 | 1.170 | 1.213 | 1.213 | 1.224 |
Gross domestic product, market prices, deflator | Index, 2018 | | 0.888 | 0.907 | 0.919 | 0.925 | 0.943 | 0.961 | 0.979 | 1.000 | 1.051 | 1.050 | 1.104 | 1.184 | 1.219 | 1.242 |
Imports of goods and services, deflator (national accounts basis) | Index, 2018 | | 0.950 | 0.959 | 0.918 | 0.866 | 0.908 | 0.963 | 0.988 | 1.000 | 0.987 | 1.033 | 1.201 | 1.198 | 1.187 | 1.199 |
Purchasing power parity, national currency per USD | Pound Sterling | | 0.702 | 0.695 | 0.698 | 0.693 | 0.689 | 0.685 | 0.688 | 0.679 | 0.686 | 0.677 | 0.681 | 0.697 | 0.708 | 0.707 |
Labour markets | Labour force | Persons | | 32 268 000.000 | 32 517 250.000 | 32 779 250.000 | 33 065 250.000 | 33 376 750.000 | 33 533 250.000 | 33 819 250.000 | 34 104 250.000 | 34 060 250.000 | 33 931 000.000 | 34 006 000.000 | 34 406 255.417 | 34 662 903.047 | 34 927 092.860 |
Total employment (labour force survey basis) | Persons | | 29 697 000.000 | 30 043 250.000 | 30 753 500.000 | 31 284 750.000 | 31 743 500.000 | 32 057 000.000 | 32 439 250.000 | 32 798 750.000 | 32 509 000.000 | 32 406 750.000 | 32 744 000.000 | 32 930 671.564 | 33 020 914.398 | 33 215 722.986 |
Unemployment rate | Percentage | | 7.968 | 7.608 | 6.180 | 5.385 | 4.893 | 4.402 | 4.081 | 3.828 | 4.554 | 4.492 | 3.711 | 4.289 | 4.737 | 4.900 |
Monetary data | Long-term interest rate on government bonds | Percentage | | 1.918 | 2.390 | 2.569 | 1.901 | 1.305 | 1.236 | 1.461 | 0.936 | 0.374 | 0.788 | 2.447 | 4.125 | 4.450 | 4.300 |
Short-term interest rate | Percentage | | 0.827 | 0.513 | 0.543 | 0.574 | 0.499 | 0.359 | 0.723 | 0.808 | 0.295 | 0.090 | 2.001 | 4.998 | 5.513 | 4.405 |