| Country | |
| Year | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2020 | Comparison with other OECD countries |
  |   |   |   |   |   |
| Subject | | | | | | | | |
| Population and migration | Evolution of the population | Total population | | 19 153 | 19 413 | 19 641 | 19 873 | 20 111 | .. | |
Population growth rates | | 1.2 | 1.36 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.2 | .. | |
Total fertility rates | | 1.76 | 1.73 | 1.76 | .. | .. | .. | |
Ageing societies | Population aged 65 and over ratio to the total population | | 12.422 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16.371 | |
Population aged 65 and over ratio to the total labour force | | 23.335 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 35.296 | |
Immigrant population | Foreign-born population as a percentage of total population | | 23.035 | 23.087 | 23.246 | 22.8 | .. | .. | |
Foreign-born population, according to census data, circa 2000 | | 23.009 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Foreign nationals, according to census data, circa 2000 | | 7.352 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Trends in migration | Net migration | | 5.8 | 7 | 5.6 | 6.2 | .. | .. | |
Migration of the highly educated | Foreign-born persons with tertiary attainment - immigrants from other OECD countries | | 16.821 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Foreign-born persons with tertiary attainment - emigrants to other OECD countries | | 2.415 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Foreign-born persons with tertiary attainment - immigrants less emigrants within OECD zone | | 14.406 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Foreign-born persons with tertiary attainment - immigrants from the rest of the world | | 12.053 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Foreign-born persons with tertiary attainment - net total | | 26.459 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
| Macroeconomic trends | Size of GDP | Gross domestic product | | 508.9 | 536.5 | 567.2 | 602 | 632 | .. | |
GDP per capita | | 26 405 | 27 473 | 28 713 | 30 104 | 31 231 | .. | |
Volume index of GDP per capita | | 106.5 | 108.8 | 110.2 | 111.7 | 110.8 | .. | |
Evolution of GDP | Real GDP growth | | 2.057 | 3.88 | 3.209 | 3.773 | 3.029 | .. | |
Household saving | Household saving rates | | 2.677 | 1.846 | -1.186 | -3.568 | -2.95 | .. | |
Investment rates | Gross fixed capital formation | | 21.747 | 22.705 | 24.375 | 24.501 | 24.692 | .. | |
Gross fixed capital formation: machinery and equipment | | 7.86 | 7.839 | 8.333 | .. | .. | .. | |
Gross fixed capital formation: housing | | 5.63 | 6.486 | 7.349 | .. | .. | .. | |
Inflation | GDP deflator | | 5.05 | 2.72 | 2.99 | 3.36 | 3.64 | .. | |
Steel production | Steel production | | 6.438 | 6.4 | 6.799 | 6.9 | 6.7 | .. | |
Labour productivity  | GDP per hour worked | | 0.316 | 3.456 | 1.364 | 2.746 | 0.914 | .. | |
Multi-factor productivity | Multi-factor productivity | | -0.593 | 2.729 | 1.07 | .. | .. | .. | |
Value added by activity | Value added in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing | | 3.779 | 4.189 | 3.063 | 3.351 | .. | .. | |
Value added in industry, including energy | | 20.099 | 19.41 | 19.348 | 18.865 | .. | .. | |
Value added in construction | | 5.555 | 6.072 | 6.609 | 6.838 | .. | .. | |
Value added in transport, trade, hotels and restaurants | | 21.701 | 21.615 | 21.98 | 22.165 | .. | .. | |
Value added in banks, insurance, real estate and other business services | | 29.242 | 29.046 | 29.119 | 29.055 | .. | .. | |
Value added in government, health, education and other and personal services | | 19.623 | 19.667 | 19.882 | 19.726 | .. | .. | |
Evolution of value added by activity | Real value added in agriculture, forestry and fishing | | 4.31 | 3.27 | -23.79 | 26.63 | .. | .. | |
Real value added in industry | | -0.606 | 3.635 | 5.074 | 1.76 | .. | .. | |
Real value added in services | | 3.525 | 3.591 | 3.814 | 4.055 | .. | .. | |
Small and medium size enterprises | Employment and value added in manufacturing, as percentage of total employment, less than 20 employees | | .. | .. | 94.183 | .. | .. | .. | |
Employment and value added in manufacturing, as percentage of total employment, 20 or more employees | | .. | .. | 5.817 | .. | .. | .. | |
Employment and value added in manufacturing, as percentage of total value added, less than 20 employees | | .. | .. | 21.612 | .. | .. | .. | |
Employment and value added in manufacturing, as percentage of total value added, 20 or more employees | | .. | .. | 78.388 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Prices | Consumer price indices (CPI) | CPI: all items | | 100 | 104.381 | 107.516 | 110.495 | 113.084 | .. | |
CPI: food |  | 100 | 106.236 | 110.209 | 114.315 | 116.584 | .. | |
CPI: energy | | 100 | 102.491 | 103.312 | 108.585 | 115.499 | .. | |
Producer price indices (PPI) | PPI: manufacturing | | 100 | 103.056 | 103.275 | 103.775 | 107.889 | .. | |
Long-term interest rates | Long-term interest rates | | 6.26 | 5.63 | 5.82 | 5.36 | 5.61 | .. | |
Rates of conversion | Purchasing power parities | | 1.313 | 1.33 | 1.337 | 1.349 | 1.361 | .. | |
Exchange rates | | 1.727 | 1.935 | 1.841 | 1.542 | 1.359 | .. | |
Indices of price levels | | 80.627 | 76.255 | 80.114 | 89.276 | 97.383 | .. | |
Effective exchange rates | Nominal effective exchange rates | | 100 | 93.741 | 97.173 | 108.582 | 117.152 | .. | |
Relative consumer price indices | | 100 | 96.127 | 101.471 | 114.673 | 124.034 | .. | |
Relative unit labour costs in manufacturing | | 100 | 93.052 | 98.847 | 112.575 | 126.757 | .. | |
| Energy | Primary energy supply | Total primary energy supply | | 109.77 | 108.28 | 111.89 | 112.65 | 114.52 | .. | |
Energy supply and economic growth | Total primary energy supply per unit of GDP | | 0.216 | 0.205 | 0.205 | 0.199 | 0.195 | .. | |
Energy supply per capita | Total primary energy supply per capita | | 5.693 | 5.544 | 5.663 | 5.63 | 5.672 | .. | |
Electricity generation | Electricity generation | | 207.4 | 216.8 | 226.2 | 227.9 | 238.8 | .. | |
Renewable energy | Contribution of renewables to energy supply | | 6 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.4 | .. | |
Energy production | Total production of energy | | 232.3 | 248.9 | 254.5 | 253.5 | 256.1 | .. | |
Oil production | Production of crude oil | | 32.1 | 33.1 | 31.3 | 29.1 | 24.7 | .. | |
Oil prices | Crude oil import prices | | 30.79 | 26.61 | 25.8 | 31.24 | 40.93 | .. | |
| Labour market | Employment rates by gender | Employment rates: total | | 69.203 | 68.739 | 69.214 | 69.322 | 69.511 | .. | |
Employment rates: men | | 76.639 | 75.921 | 76.352 | 76.41 | 76.443 | .. | |
Employment rates: women | | 61.764 | 61.564 | 62.073 | 62.235 | 62.582 | .. | |
Employment rates by age group | Employment rates for age group 15-24 | | 60.428 | 60.107 | 59.556 | 59.862 | 59.379 | .. | |
Employment rates for age group 25-54 | | 76.63 | 76.326 | 77.069 | 76.932 | 77.202 | .. | |
Employment rates for age group 55-64 | | 46.909 | 46.282 | 48.177 | 50.123 | 51.77 | .. | |
Part-time employment | Part-time employment rates | | 26.233 | 27.238 | 27.479 | 27.912 | 27.115 | .. | |
Self-employment | Self-employment rates: total | | 14.485 | 14.155 | 14.295 | 13.357 | 13.972 | .. | |
Self-employment rates: men | | 17.342 | 17.039 | 17.112 | 16.131 | 16.999 | .. | |
Self-employment rates: women | | 10.899 | 10.562 | 10.793 | 9.912 | 10.241 | .. | |
Hours worked | Actual hours worked | | 1 855.12 | 1 836.87 | 1 823.6 | 1 813.5 | 1 815.53 | .. | |
Standardised unemployment rates | Standardised unemployment rates: total | | 6.3 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 5.5 | .. | |
Standardised unemployment rates: men | | 6.5 | 7.1 | 6.6 | 5.9 | 5.5 | .. | |
Standardised unemployment rates: women | | 6.2 | 6.6 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 5.7 | .. | |
Long-term unemployment | Long term unemployment | | 29.084 | 21.226 | 22.116 | 22.525 | 20.688 | .. | |
| Science and technology | Expenditure on R&D | Gross domestic expenditure on R&D | | 1.56 | .. | 1.69 | .. | .. | .. | |
Investment in knowledge | Investment in knowledge | | 4.268 | 4.11 | 4.118 | .. | .. | .. | |
Researchers | Researchers | | 7.33 | .. | 7.83 | .. | .. | .. | |
Patents | Number of triadic patent families | | 356.012 | 360.55 | 366.636 | .. | .. | .. | |
Size of the ICT sector | Share of ICT in value added: telecommunication services |  | .. | 4.935 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Share of ICT in value added: computer and related services |  | .. | 2.371 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Share of ICT in value added: other ICT services |  | .. | 2.025 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Share of ICT in value added: total services |  | .. | 9.33 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Share of ICT in value added: computer and office equipment |  | .. | 0.626 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Share of ICT in value added: other ICT manufacturing |  | .. | 2.685 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Share of ICT in value added: total manufacturing |  | .. | 3.31 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Investment in ICT | Shares of ICT investment in non-residential fixed capital formation | | 28.633 | 26.735 | 25.296 | .. | .. | .. | |
Computer and internet access by households | Households with access to a home computer | | 53 | 58 | 61 | 66 | .. | .. | |
Households with access to the Internet | | 32 | 42 | 46 | 53 | .. | .. | |
Exports of information and communications equipment  | Exports of ICT equipment | | 1 976.202 | 1 900.205 | 1 678.35 | 1 948.214 | 2 128.584 | .. | |
Telephone access  | Telephone access | | 104.535 | 117.185 | 124.996 | 133.013 | .. | .. | |
| Environment and natural resources | Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) | CO2 emissions from energy use | | 329.19 | 341.52 | 346.62 | 347.13 | .. | .. | |
Water consumption | Water abstractions: total gross abstractions |  | .. | .. | 24 071 | .. | .. | .. | |
Water abstractions: per capita abstractions |  | .. | .. | 1 300 | .. | .. | .. | |
Municipal waste | Municipal waste generation: total amounts generated |  | .. | .. | .. | 13 200 | .. | .. | |
Municipal waste generation: generation intensities |  | .. | .. | .. | 690 | .. | .. | |
Fisheries | Fish landings in domestic and foreign ports | | 184.753 | 187 | 187 | 201 | .. | .. | |
Aquaculture production | | 36.994 | 39.981 | 43.641 | 44 | .. | .. | |
Forests | Forest and other wooded land: area in km2 |  | 1 642 900 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Forest and other wooded land: as a percantage of land area |  | 21.386 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
| Education | International student assessment | Mean scores on the reading scale in PISA | | 528.279 | .. | .. | 525.427 | .. | .. | |
Mean scores on the reading scale in PISA, standard errors | | 3.523 | .. | .. | 2.126 | .. | .. | |
Mean scores on the science scale in PISA | | 527.5 | .. | .. | 525.055 | .. | .. | |
Mean scores on the science scale in PISA, standard errors | | 3.47 | .. | .. | 2.098 | .. | .. | |
Computer usage by 15-year-old students at school: percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 59.349 | .. | .. | |
Computer usage by 15-year-old students at school: standard error | | .. | .. | .. | 1.01 | .. | .. | |
Computer usage by 15-year-old students at home: percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 87.345 | .. | .. | |
Computer usage by 15-year-old students at home: standard error | | .. | .. | .. | 0.471 | .. | .. | |
Percentage of 15-year-old students using computers less than one year: percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 1.785 | .. | .. | |
Percentage of 15-year-old students using computers less than one year: standard error | | .. | .. | .. | 0.148 | .. | .. | |
Percentage of 15-year-old students using computers one to three years: percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 7.949 | .. | .. | |
Percentage of 15-year-old students using computers one to three years: standard error | | .. | .. | .. | 0.37 | .. | .. | |
Percentage of 15-year-old students using computers three to five years: percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 20.966 | .. | .. | |
Percentage of 15-year-old students using computers three to five years: standard error | | .. | .. | .. | 0.416 | .. | .. | |
Percentage of 15-year-old students using computers more than five years: percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 69.3 | .. | .. | |
Percentage of 15-year-old students using computers more than five years: standard error | | .. | .. | .. | 0.536 | .. | .. | |
Tertiary attainment | Tertiary attainment for age group 25-64 | | 27.476 | 28.977 | 30.76 | 31.314 | .. | .. | |
Tertiary attainment for age group 25-34 | | 31.373 | 33.512 | 35.797 | 36.323 | .. | .. | |
Tertiary attainment for age group 55-64 | | 19.079 | 21.109 | 22.466 | 23.289 | .. | .. | |
Expenditure on tertiary education | Expenditure per student in tertiary education: expenditure, index of change | | .. | .. | 122.07 | .. | .. | .. | |
Expenditure per student in tertiary education: number of students, index of change | | .. | .. | 130.97 | .. | .. | .. | |
Expenditure per student in tertiary education: index of change | | .. | .. | 93.205 | .. | .. | .. | |
Expenditure per student in tertiary education: 2002 constant prices | | .. | .. | 12 415.951 | .. | .. | .. | |
Public and private education expenditure | Expenditure on educational institutions for all levels of education: public education | | .. | .. | 4.444 | .. | .. | .. | |
Expenditure on educational institutions for all levels of education: private education | | .. | .. | 1.527 | .. | .. | .. | |
Expenditure on educational institutions for all levels of education: Total | | .. | .. | 5.971 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Public finance | Government deficits | Government net borrowing / net lending1 | | 0.919 | -1.059 | 0.281 | 0.794 | 0.999 | .. | |
Government debt | General government gross financial liabilities | | 24.306 | 21.504 | 20.068 | 18.886 | 17.824 | .. | |
Social expenditure | Public social expenditure | | 18.559 | 18 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Agricultural support estimates | Producer support estimate by country | | 3.624 | 3.478 | 5.252 | 4.013 | 3.771 | .. | |
Government support for fishing | Government financial transfers for fishing | | 82 271.676 | 75 902.062 | 78 038 | 95 558 | .. | .. | |
Official development assistance | Net official development assistance | | 0.267 | 0.252 | 0.256 | 0.247 | 0.245 | .. | |
Total tax revenue | Total tax revenue | | 32.072 | 30.506 | 31.409 | 31.634 | .. | .. | |
Taxes on income and profits | | 18.081 | 16.689 | 17.316 | 17.47 | .. | .. | |
Taxes on goods and services | | 9.219 | 9.231 | 9.525 | 9.386 | .. | .. | |
Taxes on the average production worker | Taxes on the average production worker |  | 27.4 | 27.8 | 28.346 | 28.323 | 28.592 | .. | |
| Quality of life | Life expectancy | Life expectancy at birth: total | | 79.3 | 79.7 | 80 | 80.3 | .. | .. | |
Life expectancy at birth: men | | 76.6 | 77 | 77.4 | 77.8 | .. | .. | |
Life expectancy at birth: women | | 82 | 82.4 | 82.6 | 82.8 | .. | .. | |
Infant mortality | Infant mortality | | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5 | 4.8 | .. | .. | |
Obesity | Overweight population aged 15 or more: females |  | .. | .. | .. | 28.2 | .. | .. | |
Obese population aged 15 or more: females |  | .. | .. | .. | 21.4 | .. | .. | |
Overweight and obese population aged 15 or more: females |  | .. | .. | .. | 49.6 | .. | .. | |
Overweight population aged 15 or more: males |  | .. | .. | .. | 45.3 | .. | .. | |
Obese population aged 15 or more: males |  | .. | .. | .. | 21.9 | .. | .. | |
Overweight and obese population aged 15 or more: males |  | .. | .. | .. | 67.2 | .. | .. | |
Overweight population aged 15 or more: total |  | .. | .. | .. | 36.7 | .. | .. | |
Obese population aged 15 or more: total |  | .. | .. | .. | 21.7 | .. | .. | |
Overweight and obese population aged 15 or more: total |  | .. | .. | .. | 58.4 | .. | .. | |
Public and private health expenditure | Public expenditure on health per capita, US dollars calculated using PPPs | | 1 646 | .. | .. | 1 821 | .. | .. | |
Total expenditure on health per capita, US dollars calculated using PPPs | | 2 403 | .. | .. | 2 699 | .. | .. | |
Public expenditure on health per capita, as a percentage of OECD average | | 116.44 | .. | .. | 106.221 | .. | .. | |
Total expenditure on health per capita, as a percentage of OECD average | | 120.892 | .. | .. | 112.75 | .. | .. | |
Tourism: hotel nights | Arrivals of non-resident tourists in hotels and similar establishments and at borders | | 4 530 | 4 435 | 4 420 | .. | .. | .. | |
Recreation and culture | Household expenditure on recreation and culture | | 7.41 | 7.31 | 7.2 | 7.208 | .. | .. | |
Government expenditure on recreation and culture |  | 0.559 | 0.528 | 0.558 | .. | .. | .. | |
Household and government expenditure on recreation and culture |  | 7.969 | 7.838 | 7.758 | .. | .. | .. | |
Youth inactivity | Youths aged between 15 and 19 who are not in education nor in employment: males | | 6.404 | 7.893 | 6.878 | 6.413 | .. | .. | |
Youths aged between 15 and 19 who are not in education nor in employment; females | | 7.265 | 7.195 | 7.185 | 7.153 | .. | .. | |
Income inequality | Distribution of household disposable income among individualsIncomes from the mid 1980s to years around 2000 | | 30.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Prison population | Convicted adults admitted to prisons | | 93.38 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Victimisation rates | Population victimised at least once: car theft | | 1.9 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Population victimised at least once: theft from car | | 6.8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Population victimised at least once: motorcycle theft | | 0.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Population victimised at least once: bicycle theft | | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Population victimised at least once: assaults and threats | | 6.4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Population victimised at least once: sexual incidents | | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Population victimised at least once: burglaries | | 3.9 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Population victimised at least once: robberies | | 1.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Road motor vehicles and road fatalities | Road motor vehicles | | 623.01 | 625.471 | 633.929 | 643.127 | 635.487 | .. | |
Road fatalities per million population | | 95.213 | 89.596 | 87.725 | 86.666 | 85.636 | .. | |
Road fatalities per million vehicles | | 152.828 | 143.246 | 138.382 | 134.757 | 134.757 | .. | |
| Economic globalisation | Share of trade in GDP | Trade in goods and services | | 22.962 | 21.576 | 20.805 | 19.093 | 19.415 | .. | |
Import penetration | Import penetration for goods and services | | 22.939 | 22.344 | 23.778 | 25.147 | 27.209 | .. | |
Trade in goods | Trade balance: exports of goods minus imports of goods | | -4.001 | 2.423 | -4.526 | -14.574 | -17.317 | .. | |
Imports of goods |  | 67.763 | 60.907 | 69.525 | 84.821 | 103.759 | .. | |
Exports of goods | | 63.762 | 63.33 | 64.998 | 70.247 | 86.441 | .. | |
Trade in services | Services trade balance | | 0.25 | -0.269 | -0.182 | -0.269 | -0.825 | .. | |
Imports of services | | 18.36 | 16.931 | 18.066 | 21.352 | 26.176 | .. | |
Exports of services | | 18.61 | 16.661 | 17.884 | 21.083 | 25.35 | .. | |
High, medium and low technology exports | Export of high-technology industries in OECD countries | | 13.17 | 13.54 | 13.47 | 11.82 | .. | .. | |
Export shares of medium/high-technology industries in OECD countries | | 19 | 19.8 | 19.9 | 18.9 | .. | .. | |
Export shares of low-technology industries in OECD countries | | 32.9 | 34.2 | 34.6 | 32.4 | .. | .. | |
Balance of payments  | Current account balance of payments | | -3.927 | -2.286 | -4.156 | -5.767 | -6.215 | .. | |
FDI flows and stocks | Inflows of foreign direct investment | | 13 949.948 | 4 627.527 | 15 626.46 | 6 843.334 | 42 220.996 | .. | |
Outflows of foreign direct investment | | 3 158.49 | 12 072.079 | 7 873.242 | 14 306.195 | 16 707.864 | .. | |
Outward direct investment stocks | | 111 138.494 | 107 997.295 | 134 751.016 | 186 764.25 | .. | .. | |
Inward direct investment stocks | | 85 385.25 | 92 231.923 | 93 086.058 | 126 873.75 | .. | .. | |
Activities of multinationals  | Share of employment of affiliates under foreign control in manufacturing | | 22.667 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Share of employment of affiliates under foreign control in services | | 10.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |