Data Characteristics
Data Characteristics Other data characteristics Other data characteristicsThe National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the higher education sector whereas in other countries, such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of the R&D effort by sector of performance.
The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.
From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.
Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.
From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBAORD data.
In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.
As from 1997, estimates for R&D expenditure and personnel are significantly revised due to results of the 1998 survey:
§ new methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence;
§ Re-evaluation of R&D activities of very large enterprises;
§ Re-evaluation of clinical research and re-evaluation of R&D effort of one civil organisation.
Consequently, 1997 R&D personnel data for the Government, higher education and PNP sectors are not comparable with those of previous years and 1997 data on intramural R&D of BE sector and funding of R&D by Government and BE sectors are not comparable with those of previous years.
As from 1992:
- Data for the enterprise and government sectors are not comparable to the corresponding 1991 data because France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from government to business enterprise following a change in their legal status. This also affects GBAORD data.
- Repayments of reimbursable assistance have been taken into account in the breakdown of R&D expenditure by source of funds.
- The survey method for the PNP sector changed.
The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the higher education sector whereas in other countries, such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of the R&D effort by sector of performance.
The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.
From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.
Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.
From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBAORD data.
In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.
As from 1997, estimates for R&D expenditure and personnel are significantly revised due to results of the 1998 survey:
§ new methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence;
§ Re-evaluation of R&D activities of very large enterprises;
§ Re-evaluation of clinical research and re-evaluation of R&D effort of one civil organisation.
Consequently, 1997 R&D personnel data for the Government, higher education and PNP sectors are not comparable with those of previous years and 1997 data on intramural R&D of BE sector and funding of R&D by Government and BE sectors are not comparable with those of previous years.
As from 1992:
- Data for the enterprise and government sectors are not comparable to the corresponding 1991 data because France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from government to business enterprise following a change in their legal status. This also affects GBAORD data.
- Repayments of reimbursable assistance have been taken into account in the breakdown of R&D expenditure by source of funds.
- The survey method for the PNP sector changed.