Data Characteristics
Data Characteristics Other data characteristics Other data characteristicsIn the United Kingdom, the methodology for distributing GOVERD by type of R&D was improved in 2010, resulting in a break in series.
In 2001, the government research agency, the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA) was disbanded and two new organisations were created. Around one quarter of DERA remained within the Ministry of Defence as a government agency, whilst the remaining three quarters became a private limited company, resulting in a break in series in both the Government and business enterprise sectors as well as GBAORD.
Until 2000, in the business enterprise sector, R&D funding by business also includes funds that may accrue from other national sources such as higher education or PNPs.
All government R&D expenditure corresponds to expenditure by public services plus an estimate with three components: a small amount of R&D not identified by the government sector survey; R&D performed by local authorities; and as from 1991 an estimate of the portion of R&D performed by NHS hospitals (for the 1991 break in series, see below). This estimate supplementing government R&D expenditure is not broken down by type of cost or by type of R&D.
In 1996, following work to enhance the estimates of R&D by PNPs, estimates of PNP R&D were substantially revised downwards. The data for previous years were revised accordingly.
In 1993:
- The UK questionnaire asks contributors to identify the original source of funds, rather than the direct source as in previous years. This will overcome the problem caused by sub-contracting which would have caused under-reporting of government-funded R&D in previous years.
- A new method of estimating government-funded R&D in the higher education sector, introduced in 1994, was applied retrospectively to 1993.
In 1992, business enterprise R&D data are revised to correct misreporting in several product groups in the business enterprise sector. Consequently, national totals and business enterprise R&D data are revised for 1992 to 1998.
As from 1991, overall data for the government sector include an estimate of R&D support costs in NHS hospitals; those costs are excluded in the breakdown of R&D expenditure by type of cost or type of R&D. R&D personnel in NHS hospitals are not included in the data for government R&D personnel as this information was not available.
Between 1985 (85/86) and 1986 (86/87), the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) was transferred from government to the enterprise sector.
Between 1985 and 1986 R&D expenditure by a group of research institutes grant-aided by the Agriculture and Food Research Council in England and Wales seems to have been included with expenditure by the Research Council and transferred to the government sector; the institutes' staff appear to have been transferred over a longer period.
Fresh estimates were made for R&D performed in the PNP sector, in particular regarding the proportion of expenditure funded by business. Downward revisions were made retrospectively back to 1985.
In the United Kingdom, the methodology for distributing GOVERD by type of R&D was improved in 2010, resulting in a break in series.
In 2001, the government research agency, the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA) was disbanded and two new organisations were created. Around one quarter of DERA remained within the Ministry of Defence as a government agency, whilst the remaining three quarters became a private limited company, resulting in a break in series in both the Government and business enterprise sectors as well as GBAORD.
Until 2000, in the business enterprise sector, R&D funding by business also includes funds that may accrue from other national sources such as higher education or PNPs.
All government R&D expenditure corresponds to expenditure by public services plus an estimate with three components: a small amount of R&D not identified by the government sector survey; R&D performed by local authorities; and as from 1991 an estimate of the portion of R&D performed by NHS hospitals (for the 1991 break in series, see below). This estimate supplementing government R&D expenditure is not broken down by type of cost or by type of R&D.
In 1996, following work to enhance the estimates of R&D by PNPs, estimates of PNP R&D were substantially revised downwards. The data for previous years were revised accordingly.
In 1993:
- The UK questionnaire asks contributors to identify the original source of funds, rather than the direct source as in previous years. This will overcome the problem caused by sub-contracting which would have caused under-reporting of government-funded R&D in previous years.
- A new method of estimating government-funded R&D in the higher education sector, introduced in 1994, was applied retrospectively to 1993.
In 1992, business enterprise R&D data are revised to correct misreporting in several product groups in the business enterprise sector. Consequently, national totals and business enterprise R&D data are revised for 1992 to 1998.
As from 1991, overall data for the government sector include an estimate of R&D support costs in NHS hospitals; those costs are excluded in the breakdown of R&D expenditure by type of cost or type of R&D. R&D personnel in NHS hospitals are not included in the data for government R&D personnel as this information was not available.
Between 1985 (85/86) and 1986 (86/87), the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) was transferred from government to the enterprise sector.
Between 1985 and 1986 R&D expenditure by a group of research institutes grant-aided by the Agriculture and Food Research Council in England and Wales seems to have been included with expenditure by the Research Council and transferred to the government sector; the institutes' staff appear to have been transferred over a longer period.
Fresh estimates were made for R&D performed in the PNP sector, in particular regarding the proportion of expenditure funded by business. Downward revisions were made retrospectively back to 1985.