Data Characteristics
Data Characteristics Other data characteristics Other data characteristicsFor Japan in 2008 and 2013, the FTE coefficients for researchers in the higher education sector were revised, producing an increase (in 2013) and a decrease (in 2008) in both R&D expenditure and personnel for this sector and the national total.
As from 2001, the PNP institutes serving enterprises, previously classified in the PNP sector, have been transferred to the business enterprise sector.
As from 1996:
- The data for R&D personnel is expressed in full-time equivalent and the labour costs for R&D have consequently been adjusted.
- The scope of the business enterprise survey was widened to include computer services and related activities (ISIC rev. 3, 72), which accounted for close to 2 % of the sector total.
Until and including 1995, data provided for R&D personnel and consequently labour cost data are overestimated by international standards. Data for researchers are expressed in number of persons regularly employed in R&D rather than in full-time equivalent. Studies by some Japanese authorities suggest that in order to reach FTE, the number of researchers might be reduced by perhaps 40 % in the higher education sector and by about 30 % for the national total. That would reduce HERD by about 25 % and GERD by about 15 %. OECD calculated, through 1995, the adjusted series for both expenditure and researchers for the higher education sector and the national total, and these data appear in the OECD publications Main Science and Technology Indicators, as well as various studies and analytical reports.
The breakdown of R&D expenditure in the higher education sector by source of funds has been adjusted by the Secretariat, at the national total level (GERD by source of funds), for funds from the government and higher education sectors, in particular for an estimate of GUF. The corresponding adjustment has not been made to the detailed data by scientific discipline (HERD by field of science and source of funds) where the funding from higher education includes GUF - such data are marked with the note O, meaning "Includes other classes". For 1990, the breakdown of higher education source of funds was adjusted by the Japanese authorities using a different method, meaning a break in series in that year, mainly for direct financing by government. Reverting to adjustment by the Secretariat in 1991 resulted in a further break in series for direct financing by government.
For Japan in 2008 and 2013, the FTE coefficients for researchers in the higher education sector were revised, producing an increase (in 2013) and a decrease (in 2008) in both R&D expenditure and personnel for this sector and the national total.
As from 2001, the PNP institutes serving enterprises, previously classified in the PNP sector, have been transferred to the business enterprise sector.
As from 1996:
- The data for R&D personnel is expressed in full-time equivalent and the labour costs for R&D have consequently been adjusted.
- The scope of the business enterprise survey was widened to include computer services and related activities (ISIC rev. 3, 72), which accounted for close to 2 % of the sector total.
Until and including 1995, data provided for R&D personnel and consequently labour cost data are overestimated by international standards. Data for researchers are expressed in number of persons regularly employed in R&D rather than in full-time equivalent. Studies by some Japanese authorities suggest that in order to reach FTE, the number of researchers might be reduced by perhaps 40 % in the higher education sector and by about 30 % for the national total. That would reduce HERD by about 25 % and GERD by about 15 %. OECD calculated, through 1995, the adjusted series for both expenditure and researchers for the higher education sector and the national total, and these data appear in the OECD publications Main Science and Technology Indicators, as well as various studies and analytical reports.
The breakdown of R&D expenditure in the higher education sector by source of funds has been adjusted by the Secretariat, at the national total level (GERD by source of funds), for funds from the government and higher education sectors, in particular for an estimate of GUF. The corresponding adjustment has not been made to the detailed data by scientific discipline (HERD by field of science and source of funds) where the funding from higher education includes GUF - such data are marked with the note O, meaning "Includes other classes". For 1990, the breakdown of higher education source of funds was adjusted by the Japanese authorities using a different method, meaning a break in series in that year, mainly for direct financing by government. Reverting to adjustment by the Secretariat in 1991 resulted in a further break in series for direct financing by government.