Data Characteristics
Data Characteristics Other data characteristics Other data characteristicsZone totals have been calculated for the OECD and the EU-27 for most tables. The OECD zone includes all Member countries of the OECD except Costa Rica, i.e. Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
MSTI indicators on R&D personnel do not currently cover Colombia. Therefore, OECD totals include Colombia for all indicators except those on R&D personnel (and except the economic series used in the calculation of R&D personnel indicators, i.e. "Labour Force", "Total Employment" and "Industrial Employment").
The EU-27 includes Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.
From the March 2021 edition onwards, EU zone totals exclude the United Kingdom (UK) to reflect the new EU country composition following the UK's withdrawal on 1 February 2020. In order to maintain consistency over time, the EU-27 aggregate excludes the UK for the entire time series.
In order to obtain a full set of figures for the OECD countries the Secretariat has made a number of estimates to fill gaps and to bring series up-to-date. These estimates were computed using simple statistical routines or information from national publications and observations of trends. Data points where such estimates would exceed 25% of the zone total have been suppressed.
Data for non-OECD countries used to calculate EU-27 have been provided by Eurostat.
OECD estimates for the EU-27 zone may slightly differ from those published by Eurostat. In this publication, in line with standard OECD practice, national estimates are aggregated using USD Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) indices instead of EUR exchange rates applied by Eurostat. For example, the EU-27 measure of GERD to GDP ratio will be an average of EU countries' GERD intensities, weighted by the share of countries' GDP to EU GDP expressed in USD by applying PPP conversion as opposed to EUR-based GDP shares.
Zone totals have been calculated for the OECD and the EU-27 for most tables. The OECD zone includes all Member countries of the OECD except Costa Rica, i.e. Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
MSTI indicators on R&D personnel do not currently cover Colombia. Therefore, OECD totals include Colombia for all indicators except those on R&D personnel (and except the economic series used in the calculation of R&D personnel indicators, i.e. "Labour Force", "Total Employment" and "Industrial Employment").
The EU-27 includes Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.
From the March 2021 edition onwards, EU zone totals exclude the United Kingdom (UK) to reflect the new EU country composition following the UK's withdrawal on 1 February 2020. In order to maintain consistency over time, the EU-27 aggregate excludes the UK for the entire time series.
In order to obtain a full set of figures for the OECD countries the Secretariat has made a number of estimates to fill gaps and to bring series up-to-date. These estimates were computed using simple statistical routines or information from national publications and observations of trends. Data points where such estimates would exceed 25% of the zone total have been suppressed.
Data for non-OECD countries used to calculate EU-27 have been provided by Eurostat.
OECD estimates for the EU-27 zone may slightly differ from those published by Eurostat. In this publication, in line with standard OECD practice, national estimates are aggregated using USD Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) indices instead of EUR exchange rates applied by Eurostat. For example, the EU-27 measure of GERD to GDP ratio will be an average of EU countries' GERD intensities, weighted by the share of countries' GDP to EU GDP expressed in USD by applying PPP conversion as opposed to EUR-based GDP shares.