External sectors, trade and payments | Current account balance as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | 0.247 | 0.491 | -0.099 | -3.537 | -5.366 | -6.517 | -6.259 | -4.659 | -1.202 | -1.637 | -3.399 | 1.559 | 1.073 | 4.385 | -4.230 |
Exchange rate, national currency per USD | Euro | | 1.061 | 0.885 | 0.805 | 0.805 | 0.797 | 0.730 | 0.684 | 0.720 | 0.755 | 0.719 | 0.778 | 0.753 | 0.754 | 0.901 | 0.904 |
Imports of goods and services, volume in USD (national accounts basis) | US Dollar, 2015 | | 132 730 620 978.940 | 130 761 270 702.344 | 133 966 478 384.393 | 150 092 201 807.119 | 163 786 067 816.202 | 178 586 994 343.532 | 175 229 839 636.384 | 171 991 694 732.582 | 173 625 746 184.366 | 178 221 102 632.872 | 175 826 249 083.566 | 177 593 381 953.165 | 203 623 700 547.672 | 271 138 124 732.541 | 323 966 263 778.136 |
Goods and services trade, volume in USD | US Dollar, 2015 | | 140 931 342 372.489 | 140 665 285 359.733 | 147 068 920 819.706 | 159 979 192 014.585 | 172 971 643 744.715 | 188 513 778 606.944 | 183 604 107 817.250 | 186 006 894 421.190 | 193 574 913 440.051 | 200 087 431 197.405 | 198 335 349 406.105 | 203 195 897 745.030 | 232 495 587 297.932 | 313 357 751 620.517 | 349 506 064 330.482 |
Exports of goods and services, volume in USD (national accounts basis) | US Dollar, 2015 | | 149 132 063 766.038 | 150 569 300 017.121 | 160 171 363 255.018 | 169 866 182 222.051 | 182 157 219 673.228 | 198 440 562 870.356 | 191 978 375 998.117 | 200 022 094 109.798 | 213 524 080 695.735 | 221 953 759 761.938 | 220 844 449 728.644 | 228 798 413 536.896 | 261 367 474 048.193 | 355 577 378 508.493 | 375 045 864 882.828 |
Government accounts | Gross public debt, Maastricht criterion as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | 30.905 | 29.829 | 28.112 | 26.045 | 23.685 | 23.976 | 42.537 | 61.703 | 86.237 | 110.473 | 120.296 | 120.372 | 104.227 | 76.529 | 74.623 |
General government gross financial liabilities as a percentage of GDP | Ratio | | 34.221 | 32.881 | 31.476 | 31.317 | 27.707 | 27.574 | 47.394 | 67.424 | 83.477 | 112.551 | 131.433 | 133.128 | 121.676 | 88.729 | 86.007 |
General government net lending as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | -0.520 | 0.346 | 1.299 | 1.570 | 2.780 | 0.268 | -7.034 | -13.861 | -32.146 | -13.579 | -8.513 | -6.416 | -3.612 | -2.033 | -0.770 |
Expenditure and GDP | Government final consumption expenditure, volume | Euro, 2021 | | 30 971 709 216.000 | 31 900 548 603.000 | 32 413 204 620.000 | 33 874 332 671.000 | 35 521 895 812.000 | 37 873 503 632.000 | 38 188 301 684.000 | 37 134 133 643.000 | 35 456 278 802.000 | 36 182 240 725.000 | 35 362 491 652.000 | 34 575 502 089.000 | 35 579 437 234.000 | 36 558 415 861.000 | 38 169 647 470.000 |
Private final consumption expenditure, volume | Euro, 2021 | | 73 425 505 993.000 | 76 016 831 732.000 | 79 141 026 342.000 | 84 572 772 179.000 | 89 721 557 136.000 | 95 583 184 980.000 | 96 601 719 935.000 | 92 287 340 223.000 | 92 469 116 736.000 | 91 098 455 394.000 | 90 562 714 484.000 | 91 161 820 587.000 | 93 537 448 865.000 | 96 259 094 292.000 | 100 680 067 758.000 |
Gross domestic product, nominal value, market prices | Euro | | 135 858 111 261.000 | 145 529 517 637.000 | 156 124 261 823.000 | 170 364 578 506.000 | 184 602 060 496.000 | 196 796 103 342.000 | 187 181 969 904.000 | 169 659 927 015.000 | 167 248 228 178.000 | 171 739 559 284.000 | 174 591 547 511.000 | 178 813 212 469.000 | 195 133 961 084.000 | 263 527 601 777.000 | 268 863 527 564.000 |
Gross domestic product, volume, market prices | Euro, 2021 | | 170 945 620 702.000 | 178 081 363 302.000 | 189 537 842 467.000 | 200 999 032 776.000 | 211 431 570 850.000 | 222 450 991 281.000 | 212 843 030 276.000 | 201 303 866 366.000 | 203 288 461 732.000 | 205 728 152 568.000 | 205 527 954 449.000 | 209 176 621 571.000 | 226 613 469 169.000 | 276 801 929 240.000 | 283 212 803 215.000 |
Gross fixed capital formation, total, volume | Euro, 2021 | | 42 272 681 222.000 | 45 146 785 339.000 | 49 755 465 607.000 | 57 890 614 270.000 | 61 874 705 902.000 | 62 133 105 264.000 | 55 595 184 169.000 | 45 800 071 815.000 | 38 146 766 576.000 | 37 326 131 933.000 | 42 660 577 117.000 | 41 576 428 328.000 | 48 960 725 211.000 | 72 468 676 270.000 | 106 372 821 944.000 |
Selected variables: ready-made growth rates | Government final consumption expenditure, volume, growth | Percentage, 2021 | | 6.905 | 2.999 | 1.607 | 4.508 | 4.864 | 6.620 | 0.831 | -2.760 | -4.518 | 2.047 | -2.266 | -2.225 | 2.904 | 2.752 | 4.407 |
Harmonised headline inflation | Percentage, 2021 | | 4.697 | 4.020 | 2.300 | 2.183 | 2.684 | 2.880 | 3.119 | -1.693 | -1.611 | 1.213 | 1.900 | 0.529 | 0.301 | -0.033 | -0.208 |
Private final consumption expenditure, volume, growth | Percentage, 2021 | | 4.225 | 3.529 | 4.110 | 6.863 | 6.088 | 6.533 | 1.066 | -4.466 | 0.197 | -1.482 | -0.588 | 0.662 | 2.606 | 2.910 | 4.593 |
Gross domestic product, volume, growth | Percentage, 2021 | | 5.686 | 4.174 | 6.433 | 6.047 | 5.190 | 5.212 | -4.319 | -5.421 | 0.986 | 1.200 | -0.097 | 1.775 | 8.336 | 22.147 | 2.316 |
Gross fixed capital formation, total, volume, growth | Percentage, 2021 | | 5.956 | 6.799 | 10.208 | 16.350 | 6.882 | 0.418 | -10.522 | -17.619 | -16.710 | -2.151 | 14.291 | -2.541 | 17.761 | 48.014 | 46.785 |
Imports of goods and services, volume, growth (national accounts basis) | Percentage, 2021 | | 5.508 | -1.484 | 2.451 | 12.037 | 9.124 | 9.037 | -1.880 | -1.848 | 0.950 | 2.647 | -1.344 | 1.005 | 14.657 | 33.156 | 19.484 |
Harmonised core inflation | Percentage, 2021 | | 5.228 | 3.864 | 2.089 | 1.840 | 2.468 | 2.331 | 1.606 | -1.282 | -2.363 | -0.223 | 0.757 | 0.137 | 0.708 | 1.592 | 0.667 |
Gross domestic product, market prices, deflator, growth | Percentage, 2021 | | 5.460 | 2.826 | 0.796 | 2.899 | 3.010 | 1.325 | -0.592 | -4.165 | -2.384 | 1.468 | 1.760 | 0.632 | 0.730 | 10.563 | -0.285 |
Exports of goods and services, volume, growth (national accounts basis) | Percentage, 2021 | | 6.029 | 0.964 | 6.377 | 6.053 | 7.236 | 8.939 | -3.256 | 4.190 | 6.750 | 3.948 | -0.500 | 3.602 | 14.235 | 36.045 | 5.475 |
Prices and deflators | Consumer price index, harmonised | Index, 2021 | | 0.810 | 0.843 | 0.862 | 0.881 | 0.905 | 0.931 | 0.960 | 0.943 | 0.928 | 0.939 | 0.957 | 0.962 | 0.965 | 0.965 | 0.963 |
Gross domestic product, market prices, deflator | Index, 2021 | | 0.795 | 0.817 | 0.824 | 0.848 | 0.873 | 0.885 | 0.879 | 0.843 | 0.823 | 0.835 | 0.849 | 0.855 | 0.861 | 0.952 | 0.949 |
Imports of goods and services, deflator (national accounts basis) | Index, 2021 | | 0.806 | 0.787 | 0.823 | 0.837 | 0.859 | 0.858 | 0.869 | 0.844 | 0.895 | 0.875 | 0.930 | 0.925 | 0.950 | 0.969 | 0.949 |
Exports of goods and services, deflator (national accounts basis) | Index, 2021 | | 0.933 | 0.887 | 0.885 | 0.903 | 0.905 | 0.907 | 0.932 | 0.897 | 0.914 | 0.904 | 0.935 | 0.922 | 0.930 | 1.022 | 0.990 |
Labour markets | Total employment (labour force survey basis) | Persons | | 1 850 150.000 | 1 885 675.000 | 1 946 625.000 | 2 037 825.000 | 2 129 375.000 | 2 219 775.000 | 2 197 675.000 | 2 014 900.000 | 1 924 350.000 | 1 887 150.000 | 1 879 875.000 | 1 936 800.000 | 1 988 325.000 | 2 055 625.000 | 2 131 000.000 |
Labour force | Persons | | 1 941 925.000 | 1 981 475.000 | 2 043 250.000 | 2 136 600.000 | 2 235 575.000 | 2 336 200.000 | 2 357 650.000 | 2 305 425.000 | 2 252 050.000 | 2 229 850.000 | 2 223 250.000 | 2 244 850.000 | 2 255 300.000 | 2 280 875.000 | 2 325 175.000 |
Unemployment rate | Percentage | | 4.726 | 4.835 | 4.729 | 4.623 | 4.750 | 4.984 | 6.785 | 12.602 | 14.551 | 15.369 | 15.445 | 13.723 | 11.838 | 9.876 | 8.351 |
Monetary data | Long-term interest rate on government bonds | Percentage | | 5.010 | 4.133 | 4.077 | 3.329 | 3.765 | 4.306 | 4.526 | 5.225 | 5.739 | 9.602 | 6.172 | 3.790 | 2.368 | 1.183 | 0.736 |
Short-term interest rate | Percentage | | 3.319 | 2.333 | 2.106 | 2.185 | 3.079 | 4.278 | 4.634 | 1.228 | 0.811 | 1.391 | 0.573 | 0.221 | 0.210 | -0.019 | -0.264 |