External sectors, trade and payments | Current account balance as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | -8.383 | -6.634 | -7.957 | -9.585 | -10.260 | -9.620 | -11.833 | -10.294 | -10.256 | -5.978 | -1.613 | 1.636 | 0.158 | 0.230 | 1.172 |
Exchange rate, national currency per USD | Euro | | 1.061 | 0.885 | 0.805 | 0.805 | 0.797 | 0.730 | 0.684 | 0.720 | 0.755 | 0.719 | 0.778 | 0.753 | 0.754 | 0.901 | 0.904 |
Imports of goods and services, volume in USD (national accounts basis) | US Dollar, 2015 | | 59 689 192 513.395 | 59 559 994 333.283 | 63 979 056 822.646 | 65 377 031 667.091 | 70 319 141 377.475 | 74 255 941 535.863 | 75 912 732 151.895 | 68 704 513 062.574 | 74 064 232 728.006 | 69 486 475 751.324 | 65 125 188 895.869 | 68 173 436 291.257 | 73 573 292 248.839 | 79 495 861 961.033 | 83 480 361 567.265 |
Goods and services trade, volume in USD | US Dollar, 2015 | | 54 086 771 396.792 | 55 222 307 386.405 | 58 335 628 044.109 | 59 102 518 629.286 | 64 861 138 365.951 | 68 743 409 185.580 | 69 439 960 299.119 | 62 673 104 571.856 | 67 961 033 049.091 | 67 800 967 125.359 | 66 638 687 892.657 | 70 617 076 573.948 | 74 889 099 028.013 | 80 236 182 424.649 | 84 022 324 869.633 |
Exports of goods and services, volume in USD (national accounts basis) | US Dollar, 2015 | | 48 484 350 280.188 | 50 884 620 439.527 | 52 692 199 265.573 | 52 828 005 591.481 | 59 403 135 354.426 | 63 230 876 835.297 | 62 967 188 446.343 | 56 641 696 081.138 | 61 857 833 370.177 | 66 115 458 499.394 | 68 152 186 889.444 | 73 060 716 856.640 | 76 204 905 807.187 | 80 976 502 888.265 | 84 564 288 172.002 |
Government accounts | Gross public debt, Maastricht criterion as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | 60.044 | 63.897 | 67.099 | 72.249 | 73.679 | 72.728 | 75.643 | 87.799 | 100.214 | 114.403 | 129.035 | 131.430 | 132.941 | 131.179 | 131.506 |
General government gross financial liabilities as a percentage of GDP | Ratio | | 72.511 | 76.345 | 81.263 | 84.675 | 83.777 | 81.249 | 85.504 | 98.670 | 106.720 | 111.452 | 139.365 | 142.783 | 152.752 | 150.173 | 146.030 |
General government net lending as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | -3.334 | -5.656 | -6.184 | -6.130 | -4.180 | -2.899 | -3.700 | -9.873 | -11.398 | -7.663 | -6.180 | -5.105 | -7.356 | -4.449 | -1.935 |
Expenditure and GDP | Government final consumption expenditure, volume | Euro, 2016 | | 32 524 917 000.000 | 33 116 607 000.000 | 34 038 446 000.000 | 34 991 781 000.000 | 34 873 247 000.000 | 35 075 606 000.000 | 35 314 332 000.000 | 36 213 059 000.000 | 35 701 717 000.000 | 34 383 210 000.000 | 33 160 330 000.000 | 32 466 510 000.000 | 32 267 757 000.000 | 32 536 841 000.000 | 32 799 600 000.000 |
Private final consumption expenditure, volume | Euro, 2016 | | 115 193 828 000.000 | 114 826 348 000.000 | 117 761 690 000.000 | 119 618 396 000.000 | 121 432 770 000.000 | 124 479 899 000.000 | 126 187 225 000.000 | 123 269 811 000.000 | 126 173 541 000.000 | 121 556 031 000.000 | 115 091 066 000.000 | 113 890 994 000.000 | 116 602 439 000.000 | 118 978 916 000.000 | 122 024 349 000.000 |
Gross domestic product, nominal value, market prices | Euro | | 142 554 263 000.000 | 146 067 858 000.000 | 152 248 388 000.000 | 158 552 704 000.000 | 166 260 469 000.000 | 175 483 401 000.000 | 179 102 781 000.000 | 175 416 437 000.000 | 179 610 779 000.000 | 176 096 171 000.000 | 168 295 569 000.000 | 170 492 269 000.000 | 173 053 691 000.000 | 179 713 159 000.000 | 186 489 811 000.000 |
Gross domestic product, volume, market prices | Euro, 2016 | | 182 141 699 000.000 | 180 446 832 000.000 | 183 674 549 000.000 | 185 110 605 000.000 | 188 118 715 000.000 | 192 834 061 000.000 | 193 449 680 000.000 | 187 410 027 000.000 | 190 666 511 000.000 | 187 432 493 000.000 | 179 827 806 000.000 | 178 168 635 000.000 | 179 580 069 000.000 | 182 798 227 000.000 | 186 489 811 000.000 |
Gross fixed capital formation, total, volume | Euro, 2016 | | 42 977 013 000.000 | 39 833 724 000.000 | 39 908 945 000.000 | 39 952 911 000.000 | 39 650 558 000.000 | 40 874 250 000.000 | 41 047 336 000.000 | 37 953 089 000.000 | 37 525 908 000.000 | 32 800 547 000.000 | 27 318 759 000.000 | 26 005 956 000.000 | 26 601 101 000.000 | 28 175 660 000.000 | 28 893 361 000.000 |
Selected variables: ready-made growth rates | Government final consumption expenditure, volume, growth | Percentage, 2016 | | 2.649 | 1.819 | 2.784 | 2.801 | -0.339 | 0.580 | 0.681 | 2.545 | -1.412 | -3.693 | -3.557 | -2.092 | -0.612 | 0.834 | 0.808 |
Harmonised headline inflation | Percentage, 2016 | | 3.701 | 3.237 | 2.510 | 2.130 | 3.046 | 2.422 | 2.652 | -0.903 | 1.391 | 3.554 | 2.776 | 0.440 | -0.160 | 0.508 | 0.636 |
Private final consumption expenditure, volume, growth | Percentage, 2016 | | 1.283 | -0.319 | 2.556 | 1.577 | 1.517 | 2.509 | 1.372 | -2.312 | 2.356 | -3.660 | -5.319 | -1.043 | 2.381 | 2.038 | 2.560 |
Gross domestic product, volume, growth | Percentage, 2016 | | 0.771 | -0.931 | 1.789 | 0.782 | 1.625 | 2.507 | 0.319 | -3.122 | 1.738 | -1.696 | -4.057 | -0.923 | 0.792 | 1.792 | 2.019 |
Gross fixed capital formation, total, volume, growth | Percentage, 2016 | | -3.392 | -7.314 | 0.189 | 0.110 | -0.757 | 3.086 | 0.423 | -7.538 | -1.126 | -12.592 | -16.712 | -4.806 | 2.288 | 5.919 | 2.547 |
Imports of goods and services, volume, growth (national accounts basis) | Percentage, 2016 | | -0.284 | -0.216 | 7.420 | 2.185 | 7.559 | 5.598 | 2.231 | -9.495 | 7.801 | -6.181 | -6.276 | 4.681 | 7.921 | 8.050 | 5.012 |
Harmonised core inflation | Percentage, 2016 | | 4.674 | 3.323 | 2.531 | 1.810 | 2.157 | 2.150 | 1.611 | 0.512 | 0.318 | 2.035 | 1.185 | 0.121 | 0.176 | 0.595 | 0.878 |
Gross domestic product, market prices, deflator, growth | Percentage, 2016 | | 4.190 | 3.427 | 2.400 | 3.333 | 3.185 | 2.966 | 1.738 | 1.098 | 0.642 | -0.265 | -0.388 | 2.249 | 0.705 | 2.020 | 1.717 |
Exports of goods and services, volume, growth (national accounts basis) | Percentage, 2016 | | 3.310 | 4.951 | 3.552 | 0.258 | 12.446 | 6.444 | -0.417 | -10.046 | 9.209 | 6.883 | 3.081 | 7.202 | 4.304 | 6.262 | 4.431 |
Prices and deflators | Consumer price index, harmonised | Index, 2016 | | 0.787 | 0.813 | 0.833 | 0.851 | 0.877 | 0.898 | 0.922 | 0.914 | 0.926 | 0.959 | 0.986 | 0.990 | 0.989 | 0.994 | 1.000 |
Gross domestic product, market prices, deflator | Index, 2016 | | 0.783 | 0.809 | 0.829 | 0.857 | 0.884 | 0.910 | 0.926 | 0.936 | 0.942 | 0.940 | 0.936 | 0.957 | 0.964 | 0.983 | 1.000 |
Imports of goods and services, deflator (national accounts basis) | Index, 2016 | | 0.964 | 0.949 | 0.969 | 0.997 | 1.035 | 1.049 | 1.103 | 1.001 | 1.048 | 1.122 | 1.133 | 1.104 | 1.080 | 1.033 | 1.000 |
Exports of goods and services, deflator (national accounts basis) | Index, 2016 | | 0.898 | 0.886 | 0.901 | 0.917 | 0.958 | 0.976 | 1.003 | 0.953 | 0.985 | 1.035 | 1.052 | 1.042 | 1.030 | 1.016 | 1.000 |
Labour markets | Total employment (labour force survey basis) | Persons | | 4 806 987.533 | 4 759 887.919 | 4 730 847.829 | 4 716 806.724 | 4 746 477.612 | 4 759 046.854 | 4 781 568.693 | 4 643 283.666 | 4 577 680.632 | 4 429 700.000 | 4 223 575.000 | 4 145 775.000 | 4 267 375.000 | 4 349 525.000 | 4 429 850.000 |
Labour force | Persons | | 5 104 599.316 | 5 122 983.991 | 5 111 316.794 | 5 149 028.948 | 5 185 044.055 | 5 216 698.694 | 5 218 018.619 | 5 172 316.203 | 5 175 733.867 | 5 117 775.000 | 5 059 150.000 | 5 000 425.000 | 4 993 150.000 | 4 995 925.000 | 5 002 750.000 |
Unemployment rate | Percentage | | 5.830 | 7.088 | 7.444 | 8.394 | 8.458 | 8.773 | 8.364 | 10.228 | 11.555 | 13.445 | 16.516 | 17.092 | 14.535 | 12.939 | 11.452 |
Monetary data | Long-term interest rate on government bonds | Percentage | | 5.006 | 4.178 | 4.143 | 3.438 | 3.915 | 4.423 | 4.519 | 4.211 | 5.396 | 10.239 | 10.548 | 6.294 | 3.754 | 2.423 | 3.172 |
Short-term interest rate | Percentage | | 3.319 | 2.333 | 2.106 | 2.185 | 3.079 | 4.278 | 4.634 | 1.228 | 0.811 | 1.391 | 0.573 | 0.221 | 0.210 | -0.019 | -0.264 |