| Country | Italy |
| Year | 2000 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2030 | Comparison with other OECD countries |
  |   |   |   |   |   |
| Subject | | | | | | | | |
| Population and migration | Total population | Evolution of the population | Total population | | 56 943.487 | 57 597.23 | 58 166.887 | 58 597.279 | 58 642.808 | 58 242.504 | /  |
Population growth rates | | 0.04662407 | 0.78072952 | 0.98903541 | 0.73992614 | 0.07769815 | -0.15306063 | /  |
Total fertility rates | | 1.23 | 1.26 | 1.33 | 1.34 | .. | .. | /  |
Regional Population | Share of national population in the 10% of regions with the largest population | | .. | .. | 34.95115641 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Range of variation in regional population density | | .. | .. | 2 600.42572345 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Distribution of the national population into urban, intermediate and rural regions | | .. | .. | 53.84259697 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Distribution of the national population into intermediate regions | | .. | .. | 36.63879124 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Distribution of the national population into rural regions | | .. | .. | 9.51861179 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Index of geographic concentration of population | | .. | .. | 31.16454623 | .. | .. | .. |  |
| Elderly population | Elderly Population by region | Percentage of elderly population by country | | .. | .. | 0.18158252 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Share of national elderly population in the 10% of regions with the largest elderly population | | .. | .. | 32.81225443 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Distribution of elderly population into urban regions | | .. | .. | 52.30217853 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Distribution of elderly population into intermediate regions | | .. | .. | 37.69582749 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Distribution of elderly population into rural regions | | .. | .. | 10.00199398 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Index of geographic concentration of elderly population | | .. | .. | 29.39588106 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Ageing societies | Ratio of population aged 65 and over to the total population | | 17.74963074 | .. | .. | 19.32143683 | .. | 27.13553696 | /  |
Ratio of inactive population aged 65 and over to the total labour force | | 42.70703292 | .. | .. | 45.87696335 | .. | 70.99842001 | /  |
| International migration | Trends in migration | Net migration rate | | 3.133548 | 10.58945 | 9.591749 | 5.170031 | 6.403943 | .. | /  |
Immigrant population | Foreign-born population | | 2.52266339 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Foreign population | | 2.41261257 | .. | .. | 4.6 | .. | .. | /  |
Foreign-born nationals | | 47.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Migration and unemployment | Unemployment rate of native-born men | | 8.44658481 | 7.02727256 | 6.44174028 | 6.2 | .. | .. | /  |
Unemployment rate of the foreign-born men | | 6.52752874 | 3.78363386 | 6.15195638 | 6.1 | .. | .. | /  |
Unemployment rate of the native-born women | | 14.88069997 | 12.04422962 | 10.1050279 | 9.2 | .. | .. | /  |
Unemployment rate of the foreign-born women | | 21.18267195 | 10.54907562 | 13.18393656 | 14.6 | .. | .. | /  |
Educational attainment of recent immigrants | Educational attainment of Foreign-born labour force present in the country for 10 years or less: low | | .. | .. | .. | 45.53883017 | .. | .. | /  |
Educational attainment of Foreign-born labour force present in the country for 10 years or less: Intermediate | | .. | .. | .. | 43.62274343 | .. | .. | /  |
Educational attainment of Foreign-born labour force present in the country for 10 years or less: high | | .. | .. | .. | 10.83842641 | .. | .. | /  |
Educational attainment of native-born labour force aged 25-34: low | | .. | .. | .. | 30.6034771 | .. | .. | /  |
Educational attainment of native-born labour force aged 25-34: intermediate | | .. | .. | .. | 52.67013944 | .. | .. | /  |
Educational attainment of native-born labour force aged 25-34: high | | .. | .. | .. | 16.72638346 | .. | .. | /  |
Educational attainment of native-born labour force aged 25-64: low | | .. | .. | .. | 40.74542256 | .. | .. | /  |
onal attainment of native-born labour force aged 25-64: intermediate | | .. | .. | .. | 43.93762546 | .. | .. | /  |
Educational attainment of native-born labour force aged 25-64: high | | .. | .. | .. | 15.31695198 | .. | .. | /  |
| Macroeconomic trends | Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | Size of GDP | Gross domestic product | | 1 455.7679919 | 1 565.00821532 | 1 595.44740225 | 1 626.32610852 | 1 699.15176734 | .. | /  |
GDP per capita | | 25 565.75876013 | 27 168.06467741 | 27 424.82466352 | 27 749.69045545 | 28 866.16177779 | .. | /  |
Volume index of GDP per capita | | 102.80774223 | 103.84216462 | 104.06125138 | 103.38567262 | 104.86255599 | .. | /  |
National income per capita | Gross national income per capita | | 25 374.28666719 | 26 945.18076247 | 27 266.6270091 | 27 628.594349 | 28 787.56739866 | .. | /  |
Regional GDP | National GDP per capita | | .. | .. | 27 424.82466352 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Share of total population living in regions with a GDP per capita below the national average | | .. | .. | 27 424.82466352 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Variation of regional GDP per capita | | .. | .. | 105.18093056 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Gini index of Regional disparities in GDP | | .. | .. | 0.14036405 | .. | .. | .. |  |
| Economic growth | Evolution of GDP | Real GDP growth | | 3.58188153 | 0.03715062 | 1.20361457 | 0.08803731 | 1.87173925 | .. | /  |
Household saving | Household net saving rates | | 8.57367641 | 10.37384623 | 10.45843873 | 10.09080937 | 8.80454276 | .. | /  |
Investment rates | Gross fixed capital formation | | 20.32046947 | 20.35237398 | 20.50166322 | 20.56294923 | 20.78115329 | .. | /  |
Gross fixed capital formation: machinery and equipment | | 9.46568507 | 8.59514766 | 8.59639523 | 8.48915295 | 8.55187828 | .. | /  |
Gross fixed capital formation: housing | | 3.82791831 | 3.89103367 | 3.98325475 | 4.26272144 | 4.41091929 | .. | /  |
Inflation | GDP deflator | | 2.02106488 | 3.05986015 | 2.89418218 | 2.24785964 | 1.77401606 | .. | /  |
Steel production | Steel production | | 26.8 | 27.1 | 28.6 | 29.4 | 31.6 | .. | /  |
| Economic structure | Value added by activity | Value added in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing | | 2.79660933 | 2.53117526 | 2.52451069 | 2.19467901 | 2.06532783 | .. | /  |
Value added in industry, including energy | | 23.42417147 | 21.44949536 | 21.19560718 | 20.60854089 | 20.50765524 | .. | /  |
Value added in construction | | 5.00210162 | 5.63207169 | 5.82210745 | 6.00028519 | 6.05931413 | .. | /  |
Value added in in transport, trade, hotels and restaurants | | 23.93429422 | 23.38005137 | 23.35940511 | 23.31845019 | 23.02101562 | .. | /  |
Value added in banks, insurance, real estate and other business services | | 24.7368549 | 26.53771194 | 26.55156684 | 26.86718493 | 27.0852705 | .. | /  |
Value added in government, health, education and other personal services | | 20.10596846 | 20.46949439 | 20.54680273 | 21.01085979 | 21.26141668 | .. | /  |
Evolution of value added by activity | Real value added in agriculture, forestry and fishing | | -2.34002928 | -4.89309402 | 13.07747248 | -4.42119255 | -3.14013277 | .. | /  |
Real value added in industry | | 2.45118708 | -1.29371814 | -0.47696537 | -1.29737924 | 2.32539626 | .. | /  |
Real value added in services | | 4.26828487 | 0.29437237 | 1.11089962 | 0.98636751 | 1.63456682 | .. | /  |
Small and medium-sized enterprises | Employment in manufacturing in enterprises with less than 20 employees | | 29.88883086 | 30.65991329 | 30.46025594 | 30.73472917 | .. | .. | /  |
Employment in manufacturing in enterprises with 20 or more employees | | 70.11116914 | 69.34008671 | 69.53974406 | 69.26527083 | .. | .. | /  |
Employment in manufacturing in enterprises with less than 10 employees | | 14.09883439 | 14.61349062 | 14.65017124 | 14.91795754 | .. | .. | /  |
Employment in manufacturing in enterprises with 10-19 employees | | 15.78999647 | 16.04642267 | 15.81008471 | 15.81677162 | .. | .. | /  |
Employment in manufacturing in enterprises with 20-49 employees | | 18.22685018 | 18.02486401 | 18.19968512 | 17.9676282 | .. | .. | /  |
Employment in manufacturing in enterprises with 50-249 employees | | 24.37605522 | 24.76007914 | 24.88500083 | 24.98702631 | .. | .. | /  |
Employment in manufacturing in enterprises with 250 or more employees | | 27.50826375 | 26.55514356 | 26.4550581 | 26.31061632 | .. | .. | /  |
Number of enterprises in manufacturing with less than 20 employees | | 93.16647708 | 92.94525497 | 92.97218127 | 93.06693522 | .. | .. | /  |
Number of enterprises in manufacturing with 20 or more employees | | 6.83352292 | 7.05474503 | 7.02781873 | 6.93306478 | .. | .. | /  |
Number of enterprises in manufacturing with less than 10 employees | | 83.55162048 | 82.62576232 | 82.8518248 | 82.94260027 | .. | .. | /  |
Number of enterprises in manufacturing with 10-19 employees | | 9.6148566 | 10.31949265 | 10.12035647 | 10.12433495 | .. | .. | /  |
Number of enterprises in manufacturing with 20-49 employees | | 4.73539889 | 4.81335475 | 4.80491419 | 4.72461262 | .. | .. | /  |
Number of enterprises in manufacturing with 50-249 employees | | 1.83781972 | 1.9690316 | 1.95152558 | 1.93983321 | .. | .. | /  |
Number of enterprises in manufacturing with 250 or more employees | | 0.26030431 | 0.27235868 | 0.27137896 | 0.26861895 | .. | .. | /  |
| Economic globalisation | Trade | Share of trade in GDP | Trade in goods and services | | 26.58791014 | 24.27915875 | 25.01335865 | 26.08873965 | 28.2490985 | .. | /  |
Trade in goods | Trade balance: exports of goods minus imports of goods | | 1.83180113 | 2.01376406 | -1.94488511 | -12.69434996 | -5.10571561 | .. | /  |
Imports of goods | | 237.28156265 | 297.37611751 | 351.05360496 | 380.56081399 | 405.72146653 | .. | /  |
Exports of goods | | 239.11336378 | 299.38988157 | 349.10871984 | 367.86646403 | 400.61575092 | .. | /  |
Trade in services | Services trade balance: exports of services minus imports of services | | 1.0756 | -2.66807 | 1.46481 | -0.64937 | -1.85074 | .. | /  |
Imports of services | | 55.58303 | 74.31582 | 83.27603 | 89.99166 | 100.2812 | .. | /  |
Exports of services | | 56.65863 | 71.64775 | 84.74084 | 89.34229 | 98.43046 | .. | /  |
Trading partners | Partner countries and regions of OECD merchandise trade | | 3.69104527 | 4.16320063 | 3.96566809 | 3.31630586 | 3.66896182 | .. | /  |
Partner countries and regions of OECD merchandise imports | | 3.68504921 | 4.07485028 | 3.8806534 | 3.12833024 | 3.53907051 | .. | /  |
Partner countries and regions of OECD merchandise exports | | 3.6975604 | 4.25880732 | 4.05784751 | 3.52519537 | 3.81363459 | .. | /  |
Balance of payments | Current account balance of payments | | -0.52955557 | -1.30068049 | -0.93958818 | -1.64350363 | -2.56811147 | .. | /  |
| Foreign direct investment (FDI) | FDI flows and stocks | Outward FDI stocks | | 180 273.56471574 | 238 887.60911204 | 280 481.09403945 | 293 475.19621363 | .. | .. | /  |
Inward FDI stocks | | 121 168.69824137 | 180 890.64908484 | 220 720.27895827 | 224 079.33247844 | .. | .. | /  |
Inflows of foreign direct investment | | 13 377.25764836 | 16 430.18526887 | 16 824.45024227 | 19 958.98583147 | 16 587.17208485 | .. | /  |
Outflows of foreign direct investment | | 12 318.46664209 | 9 079.30411207 | 19 273.20163996 | 41 794.68058663 | 42 059.74645412 | .. | /  |
Activities of multinationals | Employment in affiliates under foreign control, share of employment in manufacturing | | .. | 12.51145007 | 12.44093449 | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Employment in affiliates under foreign control, share of employment in services | | .. | 5.7 | 6.1 | .. | .. | .. | /  |
| Prices | Prices and interest rates | Consumer Price Indices (CPI) | CPI: all items | | 100 | 108.13386525 | 110.52009456 | 112.7142435 | 115.07092199 | .. | /  |
CPI: food |  | 100 | 111.31270838 | 113.72412189 | 113.6698457 | 115.6470497 | .. | /  |
CPI: energy | | 100 | 102.16192628 | 104.39146651 | 113.4472683 | 122.75869744 | .. | /  |
Producer Price Indices (PPI) | PPI: manufacturing |  | 100 | 103.7342669 | 106.54330249 | 110.81103609 | 117.00425106 | .. | /  |
Long-term interest rates | Long-term interest rates | | 5.576083 | 4.295833 | 4.258675 | 3.555422 | 4.046142 | .. | /  |
| Purchasing power and exchange rates | Rates of conversion | Purchasing power parities | | 0.81816424 | 0.85325668 | 0.87156679 | 0.87500781 | 0.86332239 | .. | /  |
Exchange rates | | 1.0854 | 0.886034 | 0.805365 | 0.80412 | 0.797141 | .. | /  |
Indices of price levels | | 79.98810503 | 98.25301695 | 105.41112631 | 105.80020957 | 106.87317717 | .. | /  |
Effective exchange rates | Nominal effective exchange rates | | 100 | 108.33685886 | 110.07482926 | 109.22629259 | 109.30381544 | .. | /  |
Relative consumer price indices | | 100 | 108.8967 | 110.6167 | 109.3592 | 109.2183 | .. | /  |
Relative unit labour costs in manufacturing | | 100 | 118.8825 | 126.82 | 129.9175 | 131.5025 | .. | /  |
| Energy | Energy supply | Energy supply | Total primary energy supply | | 173.1 | 180.7 | 182.8 | 185.2 | 183.7 | .. | /  |
Energy supply and economic growth | Total primary energy supply per unit of GDP | | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | .. | /  |
Energy supply per capita | Total primary energy supply per capita | | 3.04 | 3.14 | 3.14 | 3.16 | 3.14 | .. | /  |
Electricity generation | Electricity generation | | 269.9 | 283.4 | 293 | 294.4 | 308.2 | .. | /  |
Nuclear energy | Nuclear electricity generation, terawatts | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0 | .. | /  |
Nuclear electricity generation, percentage of total production | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0 | .. | /  |
Renewable energy | Contribution of renewables to energy supply | | 6 | 6.1 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.8 | .. | /  |
| Energy production and prices | Energy production | Total production of energy | | 28.2 | 27.6 | 28.2 | 27.6 | 27 | .. | /  |
Oil production | Production of crude oil | | 4.8 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 6.1 | .. | /  |
Oil prices | Crude oil import prices | | 27.77 | 28.58 | 36.6 | 51.33 | 62.5 | .. | /  |
| Labour | Employment | Employment rates by gender | Employment rates: total | | 53.87766591 | 56.19879005 | 57.44232071 | 57.48072246 | 58.40654034 | .. | /  |
Employment rates: men | | 68.22959917 | 69.71746833 | 69.70298063 | 69.71925826 | 70.50958145 | .. | /  |
Employment rates: women | | 39.55017357 | 42.6771191 | 45.23772408 | 45.26370217 | 46.31324629 | .. | /  |
Employment rates by age group | Employment rates for age group 15-24 | | 27.77621061 | 25.99457476 | 27.22828744 | 25.4628871 | 25.48060234 | .. | /  |
Employment rates for age group 25-54 | | 67.97910446 | 70.75251897 | 72.13710314 | 72.24635129 | 73.25954793 | .. | /  |
Employment rates for age group 55-64 | | 27.6625732 | 30.25295211 | 30.5431494 | 31.43429717 | 32.47530679 | .. | /  |
Part-time employment | Incidence of part-time employment | | 12.23358399 | 11.99261504 | 14.78394228 | 14.62140607 | 14.90929903 | .. | /  |
Self-employment | Self-employment rates: total | | 28.49477819 | 27.53184859 | 28.38887384 | 27.02860217 | 26.71299147 | .. | /  |
Self-employment rates: men | | 32.33409611 | 31.54492086 | 32.43324108 | 31.23470523 | 30.83102089 | .. | /  |
Self-employment rates: women | | 22.03760948 | 21.06395696 | 22.22601959 | 20.59623668 | 20.4666077 | .. | /  |
| Unemployment | Unemployment rates | Unemployment rates: total | | 10.1 | 8.4 | 8 | 7.7 | 6.8 | .. | /  |
Unemployment rates: men | | 7.8 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 5.4 | .. | /  |
Unemployment rates: women | | 13.6 | 11.3 | 10.5 | 10 | 8.8 | .. | /  |
Long-term unemployment | Long-term unemployment | | 61.30033743 | 58.23140874 | 49.71945871 | 52.16355611 | 52.8914768 | .. | /  |
Regional unemployment | Unemployment rate | | .. | .. | 8.130419 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Percentage of the total labour force living in regions with an unemployment rate above the national average | | .. | .. | 0.32534784 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Variation of regional unemployment rate minimum | | .. | .. | 27.36384495 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Variation of regional unemployment rate maximum | | .. | .. | 268.66320493 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Gini index of Regional disparities in unemployment rates | | .. | .. | 0.34302715 | .. | .. | .. |  |
| Labour compensation and hours worked | Labour compensation | Labour compensation per unit labour input, total economy | | 2.174781 | 2.869034 | 2.759819 | 3.573103 | 3.18031 | .. | /  |
Labour compensation per total employees, total economy | | 31 735.43 | 33 030.51 | 33 886.35 | 34 869.52 | 35 833.33 | .. | /  |
Labour compensation per hour, total economy | | 18.92519 | 20.13612 | 20.55798 | 21.32215 | 22.06929 | .. | /  |
Hours worked | Average hours actually worked | | 1 861 | 1 826 | 1 826 | 1 815 | 1 800 | .. | /  |
| Science and technology | Research and Development (R&D) | Expenditure on R&D | Gross domestic expenditure on R&D | | 1.05 | 1.11 | 1.1 | 1.1 | .. | .. | /  |
Investment in knowledge | Investment in knowledge | | 2.221356 | 2.382917 | .. | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Researchers | Researchers | | 2.88 | 2.91 | 2.97 | 3.39 | .. | .. | /  |
Patents | Triadic patent families | | 662.48066744 | 702.69 | 706 | 715.96 | .. | .. | /  |
| Information and Communications Technology (ICT) | Size of the ICT sector | Share of ICT manufacturing in total manufacturing value added | | .. | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Percentage point change in the share of ICT manufacturing in total manufacturing value added between 1995 and 2003 | | .. | -0.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Share of telecommunication services in total business services value added | | .. | 2.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Share of other ICT services in total business services value added | | .. | 5.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Percentage point change in the share of ICT services in total business services value added between 1995 and 2003 | | .. | 1.1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Investment in ICT | Shares of ICT investment in non-residential fixed capital formation | | 13.76090628 | 10.7933849 | 10.61355395 | 10.53310892 | 10.66111994 | .. | /  |
Computer and internet access by households | Percentage of households with access to home computers | | .. | 47.7 | 47.4 | 45.7 | 47.6024198 | .. | /  |
Percentage of households with access to the internet | | .. | 32.1 | 34.1 | 38.6 | 40.01253361 | .. | /  |
| Communications | Exports of information and communications equipment | Exports of ICT equipment | | 12 841.871835 | 12 548.85601 | 14 658.570573 | 15 162.154803 | 15 385.829242 | .. | /  |
Telephone access | Telephone access | | 117.48618333 | 147.3304444 | 159.05430552 | 175.10078795 | .. | .. | /  |
| Environment | Water and natural resources | Water consumption | Total gross water abstractions |  | 41 982 | .. | .. | 41 982 | .. | .. | /  |
Per capita water abstractions |  | .. | .. | .. | 730 | .. | .. | /  |
Fisheries | Fish landings in domestic and foreign ports | | 387 | 312 | 288 | 268 | .. | .. | /  |
Aquaculture | | 228 | 192 | 233 | 234 | .. | .. | /  |
| Air and land | Emissions of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) | CO2 emissions from energy use | | 426 | 453 | 451 | 454 | .. | .. | /  |
Municipal waste | Total amount generated of municipal waste | | 28 958.542 | .. | .. | 31 676.617 | .. | .. | /  |
Generation intensities of municipal waste | | .. | .. | .. | 540 | .. | .. | /  |
Nutrient use in agriculture | Gross agricultural nutrient balances: Nitrogen, 3-year average and % change | | .. | 38.68409988 | .. | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Gross agricultural nutrient balances: phosphorus, 3-year average and % change | | .. | 10.78580919 | .. | .. | .. | .. | /  |
| Education | Outcomes | International student assessment | Mean scores and gender differences on the science scale in PISA 2006 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 475.3972206 | .. | /  |
Standard error on the science scale in PISA 2006 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.01932204 | .. | /  |
Mean scores on the science scale in PISA 2006: males | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 476.93578475 | .. | /  |
Standard error on the science scale in PISA 2006: males | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.8477631 | .. | /  |
Mean scores on the science scale in PISA 2006: females | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 473.88604805 | .. | /  |
Standard error on the science scale in PISA 2006: females | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.49815659 | .. | /  |
Score difference on the science scale in PISA 2006: difference (males - females) | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.0497367 | .. | /  |
Standard error on the science scale in PISA 2006: difference (males - females) | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.52558488 | .. | /  |
Mean scores on the reading scale in PISA 2006 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 468.5231086 | .. | /  |
Standard error on the reading scale in PISA 2006 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.42559141 | .. | /  |
Mean scores on the reading scale in PISA 2006: males | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 447.69879395 | .. | /  |
Standard error on the reading scale in PISA 2006: males | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.42576946 | .. | /  |
Mean scores on the reading scale in PISA 2006: females | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 488.9766806 | .. | /  |
Standard error on the reading scale in PISA 2006: females | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.77494256 | .. | /  |
Score difference on the reading scale in PISA 2006: difference (males - females) | | .. | .. | .. | .. | -41.27788666 | .. | /  |
Standard error on the reading scale in PISA 2006: difference (males - females) | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.99278579 | .. | /  |
Mean scores on the mathematics scale in PISA 2006 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 461.68872075 | .. | /  |
Standard error on the mathematics scale in PISA 2006 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.28245835 | .. | /  |
Mean scores on the mathematics scale in PISA 2006: males | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.89186514 | .. | /  |
Standard error on the mathematics scale in PISA 2006: males | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.89186514 | .. | /  |
Mean scores on the mathematics scale in PISA 2006: females | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 453.45979578 | .. | /  |
Standard error on the mathematics scale in PISA 2006: females | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.70836897 | .. | /  |
Score difference on the mathematics scale in PISA 2006: difference (males - females) | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16.60700792 | .. | /  |
Standard error on the mathematics scale in PISA 2006: difference (males - females) | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.36472937 | .. | /  |
Trends in tertiary graduation rates | Trend in tertiary graduation rates, tertiary-type A | | 19.01199301 | .. | 36.09497586 | 40.95856176 | .. | .. | /  |
Tertiary attainment | Tertiary attainment for age group 25-64 | | 9.37704352 | 10.46010746 | 11.59315995 | 12.22451416 | .. | .. | /  |
Tertiary attainment for age group 25-34 | | 10.42900492 | 12.69585675 | 14.79278484 | 16.10502565 | .. | .. | /  |
Tertiary attainment for age group 55-64 | | 5.52984854 | 6.87383588 | 7.41814571 | 8.02212322 | .. | .. | /  |
| Expenditure on education | Expenditure on tertiary education | Expenditure in tertiary education |  | .. | .. | 143.75578023 | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Number of students in tertiary education |  | .. | .. | 110.9245484 | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Expenditure per student in tertiary education |  | .. | .. | 129.59780526 | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Expenditure per student in tertiary education: 2004 constant prices |  | .. | .. | 7 723.25354535 | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Relative earnings of graduates | Trends in relative earnings for age group 25-64 with tertiary education: males | | 143.21895917 | .. | 182.83014469 | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Trends in relative earnings for age group 25-64 with tertiary education: females | | 137.27989656 | .. | 134.0903343 | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Public and private education expenditure | Public expenditure on educational institutions for all levels of education | | .. | .. | 4.39700768 | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Private expenditure on educational institutions for all levels of education | | .. | .. | 0.46433198 | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Total expenditure on educational institutions for all levels of education | | .. | .. | 4.86133966 | .. | .. | .. | /  |
| Public finance | Government deficits and debt | Government deficits | Government net borrowing/net lending | | -0.86314538 | -3.54127348 | -3.54633219 | -4.34937344 | -4.47385876 | .. | /  |
Government debt | General government gross financial liabilities | | 121.64233608 | 117.00361902 | 117.51683055 | 120.4570601 | 118.68019735 | .. | /  |
| Public expenditure | Health expenditure | Public expenditure on health | | 5.8 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 6.8 | .. | .. | /  |
Total expenditure on health | | 8.1 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 8.9 | .. | .. | /  |
Social expenditure | Public social expenditure | | 23.16425504 | 24.19038552 | .. | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Law, order and defence expenditure | Law, order and defence expenditure | | 3.05308564 | 3.40434143 | 3.40213406 | 3.45708637 | .. | .. | /  |
| Support and aid | Government support for fishing | Government financial transfers to fishing | | 217 679 | 149 270 | 170 055 | 119 239 | .. | .. | /  |
Official development assistance | Net official development assistance | | 0.12810978 | 0.16732644 | 0.14745937 | 0.28997012 | 0.19715033 | .. | /  |
| Taxes | Total tax revenue | Total tax revenue | | 42.287302 | 41.798229 | 41.075512 | 41.029606 | 42.699362 | .. | /  |
Taxes on income and profits | | 14.013767 | 12.916443 | 12.885579 | 12.935192 | 14.023438 | .. | /  |
Taxes on goods and services | | 11.780793 | 10.743895 | 10.834288 | 10.832593 | 11.110807 | .. | /  |
Taxes on the average worker | Taxes on the average worker | | 46.4179 | 45.0479 | 45.3951 | 45.3656 | 45.1548 | .. | /  |
| Quality of life | Health | Life expectancy | Life expectancy at birth: total | | 79.6 | 79.7 | .. | 80.4 | .. | .. | /  |
Life expectancy at birth: men | | 76.6 | 76.8 | .. | 77.6 | .. | .. | /  |
Life expectancy at birth: women | | 82.5 | 82.5 | .. | 83.2 | .. | .. | /  |
Infant mortality | Infant mortality | | 4.5 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.7 | .. | .. | /  |
Obesity | Overweight population aged 15 or more: females | | 25.1 | 25.8 | .. | 26.2 | .. | .. | /  |
Obese population aged 15 or more: females | | 8.4 | 8.7 | .. | 9.7 | .. | .. | /  |
Overweight and obese population aged 15 or more: females | | 33.5 | 34.5 | .. | 35.9 | .. | .. | /  |
Overweight population aged 15 or more: males | | 40.3 | 42.1 | .. | 43.9 | .. | .. | /  |
Obese population aged 15 or more: males | | 8.8 | 9.3 | .. | 10.2 | .. | .. | /  |
Overweight and obese population aged 15 or more: males | | 49.1 | 51.3 | .. | 54 | .. | .. | /  |
Overweight population aged 15 or more | | 32.5 | 33.6 | .. | 34.7 | .. | .. | /  |
Obese population aged 15 or more | | 8.6 | 9 | .. | 9.9 | .. | .. | /  |
Overweight and obese population aged 15 or more | | 41.1 | 42.6 | .. | 44.6 | .. | .. | /  |
| Leisure | Tourism: hotel nights | Arrivals of non-resident tourists in hotels and similar establishments and at borders | | 28 797 | 28 174 | 29 916 | 30 870 | 34 057 | .. | /  |
Recreation and culture | Household expenditure on recreation and culture | | 4.48319313 | 4.21045743 | 4.26102405 | 4.09686097 | 4.12426742 | .. | /  |
Government expenditure on recreation and culture | | 0.85730551 | 0.83438566 | 0.87081342 | 0.82302211 | .. | .. | /  |
Household and government expenditure on recreation and culture | | 5.34049864 | 5.04484309 | 5.13183747 | 4.91988308 | .. | .. | /  |
| Society | Youth inactivity | Youths aged between 15 and 19 who are not in education nor in employment: males | | 12.20366946 | 9.08400584 | 11.12418492 | 10.93880647 | .. | .. | /  |
Youths aged between 15 and 19 who are not in education nor in employment: females | | 14.1094286 | 9.42766902 | 10.90149948 | 11.38275012 | .. | .. | /  |
Income inequality | Distribution of household disposable income among individuals | | 34.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | /  |
Prison population | Prison population rate | | .. | .. | 97 | .. | .. | .. | /  |
| Transport | Road network | Length of the motorway network | | 6 478 | 6 478 | 6 478 | 6 478 | 6 478 | .. | /  |
Road motor vehicles and road fatalities | Road motor vehicles | | 631.97547293 | 677.7021306 | 677.27716273 | 678.48132101 | 665.7390176 | .. | /  |
Road fatalities per milliom inhabitants | | 114.94706531 | 105.21062334 | 97.70174237 | 94.4128343 | 89.276263 | .. | /  |
Road fatalities per million vehicles | | 181.88532662 | 155.24611565 | 144.25666145 | 139.15318134 | 134.10099249 | .. | /  |
Productivity | Economy-wide indicators of productivity growth | Growth in GDP per capita | Growth in GDP per capita - 1970-2006, 2001-2006 | | .. | .. | 0.05257832 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Contribution of labour productivity and labour utilisation to GDP per capita - GDP per capita 2001-2006 | | .. | .. | 0.05257832 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Contribution of labour productivity and labour utilisation to GDP per capita - GDP per hour worked 2001-06 | | .. | .. | 0.04051502 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Contribution of labour productivity and labour utilisation to GDP per capita - labour utilisation 2001-06 | | .. | .. | 0.01205841 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Labour productivity growth | GDP per hour worked | | 2.36059885 | -1.15597023 | 0.73103861 | 0.362033 | 0.96064898 | .. | /  |
Multi-factor productivity | Multi-factor productivity | | 1.65853616 | -1.61664785 | 0.15098532 | -0.29796068 | 0.59395557 | .. | /  |
Growth accounts for OECD countries | Contributions to GDP growth: Labour input | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.32393792 | .. | /  |
Contributions to GDP growth: ICT capital | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.2496439 | .. | /  |
Contributions to GDP growth: Non-ICT capital | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.54863502 | .. | /  |
Contributions to GDP growth: Multi-factor productivity | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.59982917 | .. | /  |
Contributions to GDP growth: GDP growth | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.71504411 | .. | /  |
| Productivity levels | Income and productivity levels | Income and productivity levels - Percentage gap with respect to US GDP per capita | | .. | .. | .. | .. | -34.096598 | .. |  |
Income and productivity levels - Effect of labour utilisation | | .. | .. | .. | .. | -9.75759365 | .. |  |
Income and productivity levels - Percentage gap with respect to US GDP per hour worked | | .. | .. | .. | .. | -24.33900435 | .. |  |
Historical income and productivity levels | Income and productivity levels relative to the United States: GDP per capita | | 70.22063578 | 69.68865718 | 68.02069401 | 66.20408946 | 65.903402 | .. | /  |
Income and productivity levels relative to the United States: GDP per hour worked | | 85.18323035 | 77.8589133 | 76.56030396 | 75.68229554 | 75.66099565 | .. | /  |
Labour productivity and firm-size heterogeneity | Normalised labour productivity in manufacturing: 1-9 employees | | .. | .. | .. | 54.01022389 | .. | .. | /  |
Normalised labour productivity in manufacturing: 10-19 employees | | .. | .. | .. | 81.62057702 | .. | .. | /  |
Normalised labour productivity in manufacturing: 20-49 employees | | .. | .. | .. | 98.99417167 | .. | .. | /  |
Normalised labour productivity in manufacturing: 50-249 employees | | .. | .. | .. | 122.14726249 | .. | .. | /  |
Normalised labour productivity in manufacturing: 250 employees or more | | .. | .. | .. | 146.20990652 | .. | .. | /  |
| Productivity growth by industry | Contribution of key activities to aggregate productivity growth | Contributions of key activities to growth of value added per person employed - market services 1995-2000, 2000-2006 | | .. | .. | -38.10979572 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Contributions of key activities to growth of value added per person employed - manufacturing 1995-2000, 2000-2006 | | .. | .. | -31.20523462 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Contributions of key activities to growth of value added per person employed - other industries 1995-2000, 2000-2006 | | .. | .. | 2.54188194 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Contributions of key activities to growth of value added per person employed - other services 1995-2000, 2000-2006 | | .. | .. | -28.14308772 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Average labour productivity growth of total economy 1995-2000, 2000-2006 | | .. | .. | -0.46178497 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Contributions of key activities to growth of value added per person employed - market services 1995-2000, 2000-2006 cont. | | .. | .. | -38.10979572 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Contributions of key activities to growth of value added per person employed - manufacturing 1995-2000, 2000-2006 cont. | | .. | .. | -31.20523462 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Contributions of key activities to growth of value added per person employed - other industries 1995-2000, 2000-2006 cont. | | .. | .. | 2.54188194 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Contributions of key activities to growth of value added per person employed - other services 1995-2000, 2000-2006 cont. | | .. | .. | -28.14308772 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Average labour productivity growth of total economy 1995-2000, 2000-2006 cont. | | .. | .. | -0.46178497 | .. | .. | .. |  |
Productivity growth in manufacturing | Value added per person employed: total manufacturing 1995-2000, 2000-2005 | | .. | -1.42012955 | .. | .. | .. | .. |  |
Value added per person employed: textiles and textile products 1995-2000, 2000-2005 | | .. | -4.02236798 | .. | .. | .. | .. |  |
Value added per person employed: basic metals and fabricated metal products 1995-2000, 2000-2005 | | .. | -0.17857107 | .. | .. | .. | .. |  |
Value added per person employed: electrical and optical equipment 1995-2000, 2000-2005 | | .. | -1.15485532 | .. | .. | .. | .. |  |