Environmental and resource productivity | CO2 Productivity | Production-based CO2 productivity, GDP per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions | US dollars per kilogram, 2015 | | 1.96 | 2.09 | 2.16 | 2.34 | 2.56 | 2.67 | 2.74 | 2.86 | 2.99 | 3.02 | 3.03 | 3.09 | 3.17 | 3.11 | .. |
Production-based CO2 intensity, energy-related CO2 per capita | Tonnes | | 15.31 | 15.86 | 17.62 | 18.11 | 17.30 | 16.94 | 16.67 | 16.14 | 15.52 | 15.56 | 15.69 | 15.61 | 15.38 | 15.42 | .. |
Production-based CO2 emissions, index 2000=100 | Index, 2000=100 | | 77.60 | 85.26 | 100.00 | 109.22 | 114.56 | 114.08 | 114.08 | 112.19 | 109.43 | 111.30 | 113.73 | 114.68 | 114.41 | 116.15 | .. |
Production-based CO2 emissions | Tonnes, Millions | | 259.70 | 285.32 | 334.65 | 365.52 | 383.36 | 381.78 | 381.76 | 375.43 | 366.19 | 372.45 | 380.58 | 383.79 | 382.88 | 388.70 | .. |
Demand-based CO2 productivity, GDP per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions | US dollars per kilogram, 2015 | | .. | .. | .. | 2.04 | 2.20 | 2.26 | 2.23 | 2.39 | 2.59 | 2.64 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Demand-based CO2 productivity, disposable income per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions | US dollars per kilogram, 2015 | | .. | .. | .. | 1.63 | 1.76 | 1.83 | 1.81 | 1.93 | 2.08 | 2.10 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Demand-based CO2 intensity, energy-related CO2 per capita | Tonnes | | .. | .. | .. | 20.74 | 20.14 | 19.98 | 20.49 | 19.27 | 17.93 | 17.82 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
CO2 intensity of GDP, CO2 emissions per unit of GDP | | | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 | .. |
Demand-based CO2 emissions | Tonnes, Millions | | .. | .. | .. | 418.42 | 446.21 | 450.35 | 469.37 | 448.02 | 423.10 | 426.40 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
CO2 emissions from air transport per unit of GDP | Kilograms, 2015 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 14.85 | 14.43 | 14.34 | 14.44 | 14.24 | 14.00 | 13.89 | .. |
CO2 emissions from air transport per capita | Tonnes | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 685.02 | 670.16 | 675.07 | 685.97 | 687.43 | 681.56 | 666.27 | .. |
Energy productivity | Energy productivity, GDP per unit of TPES | US Dollar, 2015 | | 5 921.79 | 6 460.14 | 6 690.72 | 7 535.95 | 7 774.09 | 8 032.30 | 8 331.40 | 8 420.93 | 8 648.55 | 8 900.18 | 9 119.42 | 9 297.30 | 9 467.94 | 9 127.15 | .. |
Energy intensity, TPES per capita | Tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) | | 5.08 | 5.14 | 5.69 | 5.62 | 5.70 | 5.63 | 5.48 | 5.48 | 5.37 | 5.29 | 5.21 | 5.19 | 5.14 | 5.25 | .. |
Total primary energy supply, index 2000=100 | Index, 2000=100 | | 79.68 | 85.58 | 100.00 | 104.97 | 116.77 | 117.45 | 116.16 | 117.83 | 117.25 | 117.09 | 116.90 | 118.05 | 118.43 | 122.50 | .. |
Total primary energy supply | Tonnes of oil equivalent (toe), Millions | | 86.14 | 92.51 | 108.11 | 113.49 | 126.24 | 126.97 | 125.58 | 127.39 | 126.75 | 126.58 | 126.38 | 127.62 | 128.03 | 132.43 | .. |
Renewable energy supply, % total energy supply | Percentage | | 5.89 | 5.98 | 5.88 | 5.69 | 5.29 | 5.45 | 5.49 | 6.01 | 6.25 | 6.32 | 6.55 | 6.97 | 7.08 | 7.10 | .. |
Renewable electricity, % total electricity generation | Percentage | | 9.66 | 9.62 | 8.38 | 8.80 | 8.60 | 10.36 | 10.49 | 13.12 | 14.60 | 13.30 | 14.50 | 15.60 | 17.04 | 19.62 | .. |
Energy consumption in agriculture, % total energy consumption | Percentage | | 2.30 | 2.33 | 2.31 | 3.20 | 2.87 | 2.75 | 2.76 | 2.75 | 2.76 | 2.93 | 2.97 | 3.18 | 3.17 | .. | .. |
Energy consumption in services, % total energy consumption | Percentage | | 6.14 | 6.66 | 7.24 | 8.63 | 9.14 | 8.98 | 8.88 | 9.01 | 9.17 | 9.68 | 9.70 | 9.84 | 9.90 | .. | .. |
Energy consumption in industry, % total energy consumption | Percentage | | 34.10 | 33.81 | 34.19 | 30.83 | 29.40 | 29.36 | 29.37 | 29.18 | 28.87 | 27.63 | 27.19 | 26.92 | 26.90 | .. | .. |
Energy consumption in transport, % total energy consumption | Percentage | | 37.26 | 37.06 | 36.87 | 37.58 | 39.31 | 39.06 | 38.78 | 38.87 | 38.85 | 40.02 | 40.18 | 40.64 | 40.79 | .. | .. |
Energy consumption in other sectors, % total energy consumption | Percentage | | 20.20 | 20.14 | 19.38 | 19.76 | 19.28 | 19.85 | 20.21 | 20.20 | 20.34 | 19.74 | 19.96 | 19.42 | 19.24 | .. | .. |
Renewable energy supply (excluding solid biofuels), % total energy supply | | | 1.51 | 1.58 | 1.51 | 1.46 | 1.87 | 2.29 | 2.30 | 2.69 | 2.97 | 2.82 | 3.01 | 3.12 | 3.45 | 3.83 | .. |
Non-energy material productivity | Non-energy material productivity, GDP per unit of DMC | US dollars per kilogram, 2015 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. | .. |
Biomass, % of DMC | Percentage | | | | | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. | .. |
Non-metallic minerals, % of DMC | Percentage | | | | | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. | .. |
Metals, % of DMC | Percentage | | | | | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. | .. |
Municipal waste generated, kg per capita | Kilograms per capita | | .. | .. | | .. | 610.89 | 596.77 | 592.58 | 588.89 | 585.56 | 585.10 | 558.02 | 559.33 | .. | .. | .. |
Municipal waste recycled or composted, % treated waste | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 39.63 | 41.96 | 42.99 | 44.01 | 45.01 | 44.93 | 45.30 | 45.68 | .. | .. | .. |
Municipal waste disposed to landfills, % treated waste | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 58.31 | 55.98 | 55.17 | 54.37 | 53.59 | 53.45 | 52.88 | 53.77 | .. | .. | .. |
Nitrogen balance per hectare | Kilograms | | 20.42 | 19.45 | 20.74 | 15.33 | 16.54 | 17.12 | 18.66 | 18.39 | 19.17 | 19.81 | 18.65 | 19.83 | .. | .. | .. |
Phosphorus balance per hectare | Kilograms | | 1.02 | 1.12 | 1.34 | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.99 | 1.06 | 0.81 | 0.85 | .. | .. | .. |
Environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity | Environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity growth | Percentage points | | .. | 2.04 | 0.96 | 1.16 | 0.34 | 2.01 | 1.50 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Contribution of natural capital | Percentage points | | .. | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.40 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Adjustment for pollution abatement | Percentage points | | .. | -0.45 | -0.15 | -0.07 | -0.01 | 0.12 | -0.03 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Natural asset base | Freshwater resources | Total renewable freshwater per capita | Cubic metres per capita | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16 176.52 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Total freshwater abstraction per capita | Cubic metres per capita | | .. | 1 337.79 | .. | 658.12 | 625.11 | 608.26 | 714.03 | 865.92 | 820.84 | 759.34 | 691.31 | 703.12 | .. | .. | .. |
Water stress, total freshwater abstraction as % total available renewable resources | Percentage | | .. | | .. | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. | .. |
Water stress, total freshwater abstraction as % total internal renewable resources | Percentage | | .. | | .. | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. | .. |
Permanent surface water, % total surface | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.14 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Seasonal surface water, % total surface | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.52 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Conversion of permanent water to not-water surface, % permanent water, since 1984 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12.73 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Conversion of permanent to seasonal water surface, % permanent water, since 1984 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12.69 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Conversion of not-water to permanent water surface, % permanent water, since 1984 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16.15 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Conversion of seasonal to permanent water surface, % permanent water, since 1984 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.46 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Land resources | Natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % total | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 87.13 | .. | .. | 87.17 | .. | .. |
Bare land, % total | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.38 | .. | .. | 4.32 | .. | .. |
Cropland, % total | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.17 | .. | .. | 8.18 | .. | .. |
Artificial surfaces, % total | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.15 | .. | .. | 0.16 | .. | .. |
Water, % total | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.16 | .. | .. | 0.16 | .. | .. |
Loss of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 1992 | Percentage, 1992 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.00 | .. | .. |
Loss of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 2004 | Percentage, 2004 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.24 | .. | .. |
Gain of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 1992 | Percentage, 1992 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.97 | .. | .. |
Gain of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 2004 | Percentage, 2004 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.69 | .. | .. |
Conversion from natural and semi-natural land to cropland, % since 1992 | Percentage, 1992 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.68 | .. | .. |
Conversion from natural and semi-natural land to artificial surfaces, % since 1992 | Percentage, 1992 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.05 | .. | .. |
Conversion from cropland to artificial surfaces, % since 1992 | Percentage, 1992 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.19 | .. | .. |
Built up area, % total land | Percentage | | 0.09 | .. | 0.10 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.12 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Built up area per capita | Square metres | | 417.23 | .. | 420.82 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 378.13 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
New built up area, % since 1990 | Percentage | | .. | .. | 12.94 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 26.09 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
New built up area, % since 2000 | Percentage, 2000 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11.64 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Irrigated land, % agricultural land | Percentage | | 0.39 | .. | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.57 | | .. | .. |
Forest resources | Forests with long-term management plans, % total forest area | | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 22.25 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 32.28 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 32.28 |
Naturally regenerating forests, % total forest area | | | 99.24 | .. | 98.87 | .. | 98.33 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 98.18 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 98.22 |
Intact forest landscape, km2 | Square kilometres | | .. | .. | 82 593.45 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 55 616.44 | .. | .. | 54 150.84 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Intact forest landscape loss, % since 2000 | Percentage, 2000 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 32.66 | .. | .. | 34.44 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Wildlife resources | Threatened mammal species, % total known species | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 28.61 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Threatened bird species, % total known species | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 17.09 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Threatened vascular plant species, % total known species | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.65 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Sales of pesticides per unit of agricultural land | Kilograms | | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.15 | | .. | .. |
Atmosphere and climate | Annual surface temperature, change since 1951-1980 | Number | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | .. |
Environmental dimension of quality of life | Exposure to environmental risks | Mean population exposure to PM2.5 | Micrograms per cubic metre | | 7.60 | 7.50 | 7.37 | 6.91 | 6.79 | 6.71 | 7.00 | 6.96 | 6.88 | 6.85 | 6.82 | 6.67 | 6.74 | 6.75 | .. |
Percentage of population exposed to more than 10 micrograms/m3 | Percentage | | 0.00 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .. |
Percentage of population exposed to more than 35 micrograms/m3 | Percentage | | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .. |
Mortality from exposure to ambient PM2.5 | Per 1 000 000 inhabitants | | 139.19 | 124.18 | 107.63 | 83.66 | 72.27 | 71.62 | 69.96 | 68.95 | 69.43 | 69.77 | 67.04 | 66.04 | 68.25 | 70.73 | .. |
Welfare costs of premature mortalities from exposure to ambient PM2.5, GDP equivalent | Percentage | | 1.45 | 1.27 | 1.07 | 0.81 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.67 | .. |
Mortality from exposure to ambient ozone | Per 1 000 000 inhabitants | | 3.17 | 2.43 | 2.65 | 2.54 | 1.94 | 1.97 | 2.57 | 3.05 | 3.19 | 3.27 | 3.65 | 2.60 | 4.18 | 4.59 | .. |
Welfare costs of premature deaths from exposure to ambient ozone, GDP equivalent | Percentage | | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | .. |
Mortality from exposure to lead | Per 1 000 000 inhabitants | | 102.17 | 99.08 | 91.52 | 81.62 | 70.99 | 69.69 | 67.23 | 65.49 | 65.30 | 65.34 | 64.26 | 64.74 | 65.87 | 66.25 | .. |
Welfare costs of premature deaths from exposure to lead, GDP equivalent | Percentage | | 1.06 | 1.01 | 0.91 | 0.79 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.63 | .. |
Mortality from exposure to residential radon | Per 1 000 000 inhabitants | | 4.24 | 4.29 | 4.17 | 4.19 | 4.25 | 4.26 | 4.23 | 4.22 | 4.25 | 4.20 | 4.16 | 4.19 | 4.31 | 4.37 | .. |
Welfare costs of premature mortalities from exposure to residential radon, GDP equivalent | Percentage | | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | .. |
Access to drinking water and sewage treatment | Population with access to improved sanitation, % total population | Percentage | | .. | .. | 64.21 | 65.09 | 69.49 | 70.37 | 71.24 | 72.12 | 73.00 | 73.88 | 74.76 | 75.64 | .. | .. | .. |
Population connected to public sewerage, % total population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 92.79 | 93.84 | 94.10 | 94.08 | 92.57 | 92.38 | | 92.69 | 92.64 | .. | .. |
Population connected to sewerage with primary treatment, % total population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. |
Population connected to sewerage with secondary treatment, % total population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. |
Population connected to sewerage with tertiary treatment, % total population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. |
Economic opportunities and policy responses | Technology and innovation: Patents | Development of environment-related technologies, % all technologies | Percentage | | 8.96 | 10.86 | 7.98 | 9.42 | 13.53 | 12.13 | 10.87 | 10.55 | 10.27 | 9.61 | 9.16 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Relative advantage in environment-related technology | Ratio | | 1.32 | 1.61 | 1.20 | 1.24 | 1.15 | 1.03 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.01 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Development of environment-related technologies, % inventions worldwide | Percentage | | 1.19 | 1.58 | 1.33 | 1.24 | 0.90 | 0.80 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.77 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Development of environment-related technologies, inventions per capita | Number | | 5.49 | 7.97 | 10.84 | 13.63 | 14.56 | 13.37 | 11.97 | 11.98 | 11.37 | 10.55 | 10.18 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Technology and innovation: R&D | Environmentally related government R&D budget, % total government R&D | Percentage | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | .. |
Environmentally related R&D expenditure, % GDP | Percentage | | | .. | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Renewable energy public RD&D budget, % total energy public RD&D | Percentage | | .. | 4.60 | .. | 12.42 | 20.24 | 33.64 | 33.40 | 53.93 | 30.40 | 54.06 | 33.10 | 33.68 | 28.06 | 31.75 | .. |
Energy public RD&D budget, % GDP | Percentage | | .. | 0.02 | .. | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | .. |
Fossil fuel public RD&D budget (excluding CCS), % total energy public RD&D | Percentage | | .. | 51.82 | .. | 22.94 | 8.76 | 12.93 | 7.65 | 4.90 | 26.55 | 16.73 | 9.36 | 23.37 | 20.41 | 6.29 | .. |
International financial flows: Official Development Assistance | Environmentally related ODA, % total ODA | Percentage | | | 13.74 | 5.87 | 10.90 | 18.20 | 17.45 | 17.10 | 11.02 | 11.07 | 10.72 | 17.75 | 16.10 | 16.00 | .. | .. |
ODA - all sectors - biodiversity, % total ODA | Percentage | | .. | .. | 2.57 | 0.84 | 7.05 | 7.35 | 8.15 | 4.86 | 3.12 | 4.74 | 7.93 | 9.11 | 8.00 | .. | .. |
ODA - all sectors - climate change mitigation, % total ODA | Percentage | | .. | .. | 1.32 | 1.41 | 7.29 | 4.47 | 8.01 | 5.28 | 3.78 | 4.02 | 7.45 | 8.62 | 8.09 | .. | .. |
ODA - all sectors - climate change adaptation, % total ODA | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.00 | 11.86 | 11.94 | 7.87 | 6.30 | 8.19 | 13.16 | 13.47 | 11.71 | .. | .. |
ODA - all sectors - desertification, % total ODA | Percentage | | .. | .. | 1.59 | 0.22 | 10.33 | 3.27 | 6.55 | 2.93 | 2.01 | 3.15 | 5.35 | 6.54 | 5.74 | .. | .. |
ODA - renewable energy sector, % total allocable ODA | Percentage | | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.82 | 0.38 | .. | .. |
ODA - water supply and sanitation sector, % total allocable ODA | Percentage | | 2.96 | 3.95 | 10.00 | 0.31 | 7.05 | 8.72 | 5.88 | 7.73 | 5.77 | 5.79 | 4.38 | 4.18 | 5.09 | .. | .. |
ODA - environment sector, % total allocable ODA | Percentage | | 0.59 | 0.05 | 3.44 | 1.66 | 3.25 | 3.75 | 4.43 | 4.50 | 1.79 | 1.33 | 0.73 | 2.04 | 1.55 | .. | .. |
Net ODA provided, % GNI | Percentage | | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.23 | .. | .. | .. |
Environmental taxes and transfers | Environmentally related taxes, % GDP | Percentage | | .. | | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Environmentally related taxes, % total tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Energy related tax revenue, % total environmental tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | 75.67 | 65.69 | | | | | | | | | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Road transport-related tax revenue, % total environmental tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Emissions priced above EUR 30 per tonne of CO2, % total emissions | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.20 | .. | .. |
Emissions priced above EUR 60 per tonne of CO2, % total emissions | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.20 | .. | .. |
Petrol tax, USD per litre | US dollars per litre, 2015 | | .. | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | .. |
Diesel tax, USD per litre | US dollars per litre, 2015 | | 0.38 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | .. |
Petrol end-user price, USD per litre | US dollars per litre, 2015 | | .. | 0.79 | 0.91 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.89 | 0.96 | 0.95 | .. |
Diesel end-user price, USD per litre | US dollars per litre, 2015 | | 0.72 | 0.78 | 0.91 | 1.06 | 0.97 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.97 | 0.93 | .. |
Residential electricity price, USD per kWh | US Dollar, 2015 | | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.11 | .. | .. | .. | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.20 | .. |
Mean feed-in tariff for solar PV electricity generation | US Dollar | | .. | .. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.44 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.21 | .. |
Mean feed-in tariff for wind electricity generation | US Dollar | | .. | .. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .. |
Fossil fuel consumer support, % total tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | 0.99 | 2.12 | 1.70 | 1.22 | 1.20 | 1.11 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.40 | 1.46 | 1.24 | 1.21 | .. |
Fossil fuel consumer support, % energy related tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | 14.43 | 37.37 | 36.41 | 26.36 | 28.05 | 19.28 | 18.17 | 26.25 | 26.62 | 37.64 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Fossil fuel consumer support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | 71.03 | 84.49 | 71.51 | 74.53 | 71.94 | 82.69 | 78.24 | 79.52 | 79.44 | 71.45 | 72.47 | 69.61 | 69.45 | .. |
Fossil fuel producer support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | 28.97 | 15.45 | 28.40 | 25.20 | 27.69 | 16.65 | 21.15 | 20.25 | 20.37 | 27.97 | 27.36 | 30.16 | 30.46 | .. |
Fossil fuel general services support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.37 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.58 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.08 | .. |
Petroleum support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | 92.42 | 95.52 | 95.65 | 78.70 | 75.14 | 69.85 | 65.93 | 71.63 | 72.54 | 79.93 | 78.86 | 86.69 | 87.47 | .. |
Coal support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | 4.85 | 2.19 | 1.20 | 0.35 | 3.60 | 0.08 | 4.30 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.47 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.05 | .. |
Gas support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | 2.73 | 2.29 | 1.53 | 1.97 | 1.76 | 2.45 | 2.32 | 1.88 | 2.35 | 1.58 | 1.41 | 1.59 | 1.50 | .. |
Electricity support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.62 | 18.99 | 19.50 | 27.62 | 27.46 | 26.25 | 24.87 | 18.02 | 19.64 | 11.61 | 10.99 | .. |
Total fossil fuel support, % of total tax revenue | Percentage | | 0.00 | 1.39 | 2.51 | 2.37 | 1.63 | 1.67 | 1.35 | 1.30 | 1.29 | 1.27 | 1.95 | 2.01 | 1.78 | 1.75 | .. |
Regulations and management | Terrestrial protected area, % land area | Percentage | | 5.06 | 6.11 | 7.06 | 9.07 | 11.34 | 12.14 | 13.82 | 15.41 | 16.75 | 18.14 | 18.85 | 19.10 | 19.20 | 19.20 | 19.20 |
Marine protected area, % total exclusive economic zone | Percentage | | 4.66 | 4.85 | 4.96 | 5.34 | 5.81 | 5.88 | 11.07 | 11.08 | 11.08 | 11.08 | 11.28 | 11.40 | 40.95 | 40.95 | 40.95 |
Socio-economic context | Economic context | Real GDP, Index 2000=100 | Index, 2000=100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | .. |
Value added in industry, % of total value added | Percentage | | 30.13 | 28.37 | 25.93 | 27.81 | 28.29 | 28.02 | 26.81 | 27.29 | 25.34 | 23.97 | 25.15 | 25.88 | 27.24 | .. | .. |
Value added in agriculture, % of total value added | Percentage | | 3.46 | 3.69 | 3.84 | 2.96 | 2.44 | 2.40 | 2.43 | 2.37 | 2.54 | 2.58 | 2.90 | 2.63 | 2.28 | .. | .. |
Value added in services, % of total value added | Percentage | | 66.41 | 67.93 | 70.23 | 69.23 | 69.27 | 69.58 | 70.76 | 70.34 | 72.12 | 73.44 | 71.95 | 71.49 | 70.48 | .. | .. |
Real GDP per capita | US Dollar, 2015 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | .. |
Labour tax revenue, % GDP | Percentage | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | .. |
Labour tax revenue, % total tax revenue | Percentage | | 49.08 | 47.44 | 42.20 | 44.10 | 43.76 | 44.62 | 44.47 | 44.35 | 46.45 | 46.42 | 45.65 | 45.15 | 45.92 | | .. |
Social context | Population | Per 1 000 inhabitants | | 16 960.60 | 17 993.08 | 18 991.43 | 20 178.54 | 22 154.69 | 22 538.00 | 22 903.95 | 23 254.91 | 23 596.43 | 23 932.50 | 24 262.71 | 24 584.62 | 24 898.15 | 25 203.20 | .. |
Population, ages 0-14, % total | Percentage | | 22.09 | 21.57 | 20.88 | 19.81 | 19.03 | 19.00 | 18.97 | 18.94 | 18.91 | 18.89 | 18.97 | 19.06 | 19.14 | 19.22 | .. |
Population, ages 15-64, % total | Percentage | | 66.85 | 66.57 | 66.79 | 67.31 | 67.59 | 67.31 | 67.03 | 66.77 | 66.51 | 66.26 | 65.89 | 65.53 | 65.17 | 64.83 | .. |
Population, ages 65 and above, % total | Percentage | | 11.06 | 11.86 | 12.32 | 12.87 | 13.38 | 13.69 | 14.00 | 14.29 | 14.58 | 14.85 | 15.14 | 15.42 | 15.69 | 15.95 | .. |
Women, % total population | Percentage | | 50.15 | 50.25 | 50.12 | 50.10 | 49.99 | 50.01 | 50.05 | 50.10 | 50.14 | 50.17 | 50.19 | 50.20 | 50.20 | 50.20 | .. |
Total fertility rate, children per woman | Children | | 1.86 | 1.82 | 1.78 | 1.88 | 1.91 | 1.90 | 1.89 | 1.87 | 1.86 | 1.85 | 1.84 | 1.83 | 1.82 | 1.81 | .. |
Life expectancy at birth | Years | | 77.09 | 78.38 | 79.74 | 81.02 | 82.01 | 82.19 | 82.36 | 82.53 | 82.70 | 82.86 | 83.03 | 83.20 | 83.35 | 83.50 | .. |
Net migration | Per 1 000 inhabitants | | 472.33 | 373.48 | 508.94 | 962.19 | 1 077.95 | 1 033.66 | 989.38 | 949.75 | 910.12 | 870.49 | 830.86 | 791.23 | 768.45 | 745.68 | .. |
Population density, inhabitants per km2 | Inhabitants | | 2.21 | 2.34 | 2.47 | 2.63 | 2.88 | 2.93 | 2.98 | 3.03 | 3.07 | 3.12 | 3.15 | 3.20 | | | .. |