Green Growth Indicators

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Environment
- Air and Climate
- Water
- Waste
- Environmental risks and health
  - Exposure to air pollution
    - Exposure to PM2.5 in countries and regions
      - Exposure to PM2.5 in countries
      - Exposure to PM2.5 in large subnational regions
  - Mortality, morbidity and welfare cost from exposure to environment-related risks
- Material Resources
  - Material Resources
- Forest
  - Depletion and growth of forest resources in terms of volume
- Land Resources
  - Land Cover
    - Land cover in countries and regions
    - Land cover in Functional Urban Areas
      - Land cover in Functional Urban Areas
      - Land cover in Functional Urban Areas - detail
    - Land cover change in countries and regions
    - Built-up area and built-up area change in countries and regions
    - Built-up area and built-up area change in Functional Urban Areas
      - Built-up area in Functional Urban Areas
      - Built-up area change in Functional Urban Areas
    - Surface water and surface water change
      - Surface water
      - Surface water change
    - Intact Forest Landscapes
  - Land Use
    - Land use
- Biodiversity
- Mineral and Energy Resource Accounts
  - Mineral and Energy Resources
- Innovation in environment-related technologies
- Environmentally Adjusted Multifactor Productivity
  - Environmentally Adjusted Multifactor Productivity
- Environmental Expenditures and Revenues
  - Environmental protection expenditure and revenues (DISCONTINUED)
  - EPEA (Environmental Protection Expenditure Accounts)
- Environmental policy
- Agri-Environmental indicators: Nutrients
- Agri-Environmental other indicators
- Green Growth
  - Green Growth Indicators
- Sustainable Ocean Economy
  - Countries by indicator
  - Indicators by country
- Global Plastics Outlook
  - Global Plastics Outlook: Economic drivers, environmental impacts and policy options
- Policy Indicators on Trade and Environment

>> Data by theme

Green Growth Indicators

Country

Year

1990

1995

2000

2010

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Variable

Unit

Environmental and resource productivity

CO2 Productivity

Production-based CO2 productivity, GDP per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions Information on item

US dollars per kilogram, 2015

1.96

2.09

2.16

2.56

3.02

3.08

3.16

3.17

3.26

Production-based CO2 intensity, energy-related CO2 per capita

Tonnes

15.22

15.85

17.59

17.40

15.64

15.73

15.64

15.31

15.01

14.63

Production-based CO2 emissions, index 2000=100 Information on item

Index, 2000=100

77.60

85.26

100.00

114.56

111.30

113.73

115.00

114.27

113.77

112.35

Production-based CO2 emissions

Tonnes, Millions

259.70

285.32

334.65

383.36

372.45

380.58

384.83

382.41

380.74

375.98

Demand-based CO2 productivity, GDP per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions Information on item

US dollars per kilogram, 2015

2.15

2.23

2.26

2.70

2.78

2.89

2.93

Demand-based CO2 productivity, disposable income per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions Information on item

US dollars per kilogram, 2015

1.72

1.79

1.80

2.15

2.21

2.29

2.33

Demand-based CO2 intensity, energy-related CO2 per capita

Tonnes

15.44

17.04

19.69

17.47

17.12

16.64

16.53

Demand-based CO2 emissions, index 2000=100

85.74

100.00

133.80

128.29

127.68

126.22

127.32

Demand-based CO2 emissions

Tonnes, Millions

278.03

324.26

433.85

416.01

414.03

409.29

412.86

CO2 intensity of GDP, CO2 emissions per unit of GDP

0.51

0.48

0.46

0.39

0.33

0.32

0.31

CO2 emissions from air transport per capita

Tonnes

678.37

688.00

686.95

679.25

666.75

261.15

239.85

CO2 emissions from air transport per unit of GDP Information on item

Kilograms, 2015

14.36

14.46

14.28

14.04

13.99

5.47

4.96

Energy productivity

Energy productivity, GDP per unit of TPES Information on item

US Dollar, 2015

5 914.97

6 451.01

6 676.93

7 762.62

8 886.21

9 104.86

9 256.46

9 390.78

9 389.20

9 366.95

Energy intensity, TPES per capita

Tonnes of oil equivalent (toe)

5.05

5.14

5.68

5.73

5.32

5.22

5.20

5.15

5.08

5.10

Total primary energy supply, index 2000=100 Information on item

Index, 2000=100

79.68

85.58

100.00

116.77

117.10

116.91

118.29

119.07

119.08

121.13

Total primary energy supply

Tonnes of oil equivalent (toe), Millions

86.14

92.51

108.11

126.24

126.59

126.39

127.88

128.72

128.74

130.95

Renewable energy supply, % total energy supply

Percentage

5.89

5.98

5.88

5.29

6.32

6.55

6.96

7.04

7.31

8.47

Renewable electricity, % total electricity generation

Percentage

9.66

9.62

8.38

8.60

13.30

14.50

15.60

17.03

19.59

22.49

Energy consumption in agriculture, % total energy consumption

Percentage

2.30

2.33

2.31

2.87

2.93

2.98

3.18

2.81

Energy consumption in services, % total energy consumption

Percentage

6.14

6.66

7.24

9.14

9.69

9.70

9.84

9.88

Energy consumption in industry, % total energy consumption

Percentage

34.10

33.81

34.19

29.40

27.57

27.19

26.92

26.98

26.90

Energy consumption in transport, % total energy consumption

Percentage

37.26

37.06

36.87

39.31

40.05

40.18

40.64

40.67

41.12

Energy consumption in other sectors, % total energy consumption

Percentage

20.20

20.14

19.38

19.28

19.76

19.96

19.42

19.29

Renewable energy supply (excluding solid biofuels), % total energy supply

1.51

1.58

1.51

1.87

2.82

3.01

3.12

3.43

3.94

4.41

Non-energy material productivity

Non-energy material productivity, GDP per unit of DMC Information on item

US dollars per kilogram, 2015

^(E)

0.76

^(E)

0.86

^(E)

0.90

^(E)

1.28

^(E)

1.28

^(E)

1.35

^(E)

1.23

^(E)

1.21

^(E)

1.14

Biomass, % of DMC

Percentage

^(E)

47.87

^(E)

48.85

^(E)

44.86

^(E)

40.81

^(E)

36.64

^(E)

35.66

^(E)

35.55

^(E)

32.22

^(E)

31.11

Non-metallic minerals, % of DMC

Percentage

^(E)

21.85

^(E)

22.61

^(E)

19.90

^(E)

23.40

^(E)

30.27

^(E)

30.85

^(E)

28.26

^(E)

29.10

^(E)

28.10

Metals, % of DMC

Percentage

^(E)

30.28

^(E)

28.53

^(E)

35.23

^(E)

35.79

^(E)

33.09

^(E)

33.49

^(E)

36.19

^(E)

38.68

^(E)

40.78

Municipal waste generated, kg per capita

Kilograms per capita

695.05

612.08

583.48

536.60

512.73

507.73

498.82

Municipal waste recycled or composted, % treated waste

Percentage

40.58

45.41

42.19

38.79

39.93

40.55

Municipal waste disposed to landfills, % treated waste

Percentage

52.08

44.99

47.03

51.02

50.02

50.25

Nitrogen balance per hectare

Kilograms

20.43

19.46

20.74

16.54

19.78

18.44

19.45

19.70

19.37

Phosphorus balance per hectare

Kilograms

1.41

1.20

1.46

0.54

0.98

0.75

0.99

1.00

0.94

Environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity

Environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity growth

Percentage points

2.04

0.96

0.34

Contribution of natural capital

Percentage points

0.05

0.15

0.40

Adjustment for pollution abatement

Percentage points

-0.45

-0.15

-0.01

Natural asset base

Freshwater resources

Total renewable freshwater per capita

Cubic metres per capita

16 175.57

Total freshwater abstraction per capita

Cubic metres per capita

1 337.79

625.10

699.53

640.65

695.79

706.39

581.42

Water stress, total freshwater abstraction as % total available renewable resources

Percentage

^(E)

5.90

^(E)

3.40

^(E)

4.11

^(E)

3.81

^(E)

4.20

4.31

3.59

Water stress, total freshwater abstraction as % total internal renewable resources

Percentage

^(E)

5.90

^(E)

3.40

^(E)

4.11

^(E)

3.81

^(E)

4.20

4.31

3.59

Permanent surface water, % total surface

Percentage

0.14

Seasonal surface water, % total surface

Percentage

0.52

Conversion of permanent water to not-water surface, % permanent water, since 1984

Percentage

12.73

Conversion of permanent to seasonal water surface, % permanent water, since 1984

Percentage

12.69

Conversion of not-water to permanent water surface, % permanent water, since 1984

Percentage

16.15

Conversion of seasonal to permanent water surface, % permanent water, since 1984

Percentage

2.46

Land resources

Natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % total

Percentage

87.13

87.17

87.20

Bare land, % total

Percentage

4.38

4.32

4.29

Cropland, % total

Percentage

8.17

8.18

Artificial surfaces, % total

Percentage

0.15

0.16

Water, % total

Percentage

0.16

Loss of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 1992 Information on item

Percentage, 1992

1.00

1.01

Loss of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 2004 Information on item

Percentage, 2004

0.24

0.27

Gain of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 1992 Information on item

Percentage, 1992

0.97

1.02

Gain of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 2004 Information on item

Percentage, 2004

0.69

0.75

Conversion from natural and semi-natural land to cropland, % since 1992 Information on item

Percentage, 1992

0.68

Conversion from natural and semi-natural land to artificial surfaces, % since 1992 Information on item

Percentage, 1992

0.05

Conversion from cropland to artificial surfaces, % since 1992 Information on item

Percentage, 1992

0.19

0.20

Built up area, % total land

Percentage

0.09

0.10

Built up area per capita

Square metres

417.23

420.82

New built up area, % since 1990

Percentage

12.94

Irrigated land, % agricultural land

Percentage

0.39

0.52

0.46

0.56

0.58

0.57

0.61

0.51

0.40

Forest resources

Intensity of use of forest resources

Ratio

0.83

0.92

1.01

1.00

0.99

0.98

Forests with long-term management plans, % total forest area

22.25

32.28

Naturally regenerating forests, % total forest area

99.24

98.87

98.33

98.18

98.22

Intact forest landscape, km2

Square kilometres

82 593.45

54 150.84

Intact forest landscape loss, % since 2000 Information on item

Percentage, 2000

34.44

Wildlife resources

Threatened mammal species, % total known species

Percentage

28.38

Threatened bird species, % total known species

Percentage

16.92

Threatened vascular plant species, % total known species

Percentage

5.88

Sales of pesticides per unit of agricultural land

Kilograms

0.04

0.06

0.07

0.11

0.13

0.17

0.15

0.44

0.53

Atmosphere and climate

Annual surface temperature, change since 1951-1980

Number

^(E)

0.53

^(E)

0.40

^(E)

0.12

^(E)

0.62

^(E)

1.06

^(E)

1.15

^(E)

1.12

^(E)

1.11

^(E)

1.41

^(E)

1.40

^(E)

0.59

Environmental dimension of quality of life

Exposure to environmental risks

Mean population exposure to PM2.5

Micrograms per cubic metre

7.60

7.50

7.37

6.79

6.85

6.82

6.67

6.74

6.75

Percentage of population exposed to more than 10 micrograms/m3

Percentage

0.00

3.00

0.00

Percentage of population exposed to more than 35 micrograms/m3

Percentage

0.00

Mortality from exposure to ambient PM2.5

Per 1 000 000 inhabitants

139.19

124.18

107.63

72.27

69.77

67.04

66.04

68.25

70.73

Welfare costs of premature mortalities from exposure to ambient PM2.5, GDP equivalent

Percentage

1.45

1.27

1.07

0.70

0.66

0.64

0.62

0.64

0.67

Mortality from exposure to ambient ozone

Per 1 000 000 inhabitants

3.17

2.43

2.65

1.94

3.27

3.65

2.60

4.18

4.59

Welfare costs of premature deaths from exposure to ambient ozone, GDP equivalent

Percentage

0.03

0.02

0.03

0.02

0.03

0.02

0.04

Mortality from exposure to lead

Per 1 000 000 inhabitants

102.17

99.08

91.52

70.99

65.34

64.26

64.74

65.87

66.25

Welfare costs of premature deaths from exposure to lead, GDP equivalent

Percentage

1.06

1.01

0.91

0.68

0.62

0.61

0.62

0.63

Mortality from exposure to residential radon

Per 1 000 000 inhabitants

4.24

4.29

4.17

4.25

4.20

4.16

4.19

4.31

4.37

Welfare costs of premature mortalities from exposure to residential radon, GDP equivalent

Percentage

0.04

Access to drinking water and sewage treatment

Population with access to improved sanitation, % total population

Percentage

59.00

65.00

69.00

70.00

71.00

72.00

73.00

74.00

Population connected to public sewerage, % total population

Percentage

92.79

92.38

^(E)

92.48

92.69

92.64

92.86

Population connected to sewerage with primary treatment, % total population

Percentage

^(E)

27.63

^(E)

20.49

^(E)

20.11

^(E)

19.79

^(E)

16.96

18.33

Population connected to sewerage with secondary treatment, % total population

Percentage

^(E)

31.75

^(E)

22.27

^(E)

23.94

^(E)

24.54

^(E)

24.58

23.69

Population connected to sewerage with tertiary treatment, % total population

Percentage

^(E)

33.40

^(E)

49.62

^(E)

48.44

^(E)

48.36

^(E)

51.11

50.83

Economic opportunities and policy responses

Technology and innovation: Patents

Development of environment-related technologies, % all technologies

Percentage

8.71

10.21

7.90

13.13

10.12

10.39

10.44

9.17

10.26

Relative advantage in environment-related technology

Ratio

0.52

0.58

0.43

0.37

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.31

0.44

Development of environment-related technologies, % inventions worldwide

Percentage

1.09

1.36

1.18

0.81

0.66

0.67

0.62

0.56

0.66

Development of environment-related technologies, inventions per capita

Number

5.31

7.49

10.69

14.25

11.23

11.71

10.92

9.43

9.92

Technology and innovation: R&D

Environmentally related government R&D budget, % total government R&D

Percentage

^(B)

3.12

^(B)

1.19

^(B)

2.95

^(B)

3.95

^(B)

3.83

^(B)

3.47

^(B)

4.72

^(B)

3.61

^(B)

3.47

^(EB)

3.31

^(EB)

4.49

Environmentally related R&D expenditure, % GDP

Percentage

^(EI)

0.04

^(E)

0.03

Renewable energy public RD&D budget, % total energy public RD&D

Percentage

4.60

20.24

54.06

33.10

33.68

28.06

31.75

Energy public RD&D budget, % GDP

Percentage

0.02

0.03

0.02

0.01

Fossil fuel public RD&D budget (excluding CCS), % total energy public RD&D

Percentage

51.82

8.76

16.73

9.36

23.37

20.41

6.29

International financial flows: Official Development Assistance

Environmentally related ODA, % total ODA

Percentage

^(E)

0.48

13.74

5.87

18.20

10.72

17.75

16.10

16.00

38.99

ODA - all sectors - biodiversity, % total ODA

Percentage

2.57

7.05

4.74

7.93

9.11

8.00

7.30

ODA - all sectors - climate change mitigation, % total ODA

Percentage

1.32

7.29

4.02

7.45

8.62

8.09

11.05

ODA - all sectors - climate change adaptation, % total ODA

Percentage

0.00

8.19

13.16

13.47

11.71

25.44

ODA - all sectors - desertification, % total ODA

Percentage

1.59

10.33

3.15

5.35

6.54

5.74

1.90

ODA - renewable energy sector, % total allocable ODA

Percentage

0.00

0.03

0.01

0.36

0.23

0.82

0.38

0.31

ODA - water supply and sanitation sector, % total allocable ODA

Percentage

2.96

3.95

10.00

7.05

5.79

4.38

4.18

5.09

4.22

ODA - environment sector, % total allocable ODA

Percentage

0.59

0.05

3.44

3.25

1.33

0.73

2.04

1.55

2.27

Net ODA provided, % GNI

Percentage

0.34

0.27

0.32

0.29

0.27

0.23

0.21

0.19

Environmental taxes and transfers

Environmentally related taxes, % GDP

Percentage

2.61

2.54

1.75

1.74

1.63

0.59

0.56

Environmentally related taxes, % total tax revenue

Percentage

9.25

8.36

6.96

6.27

5.93

2.05

1.97

Energy related tax revenue, % total environmental tax revenue

Percentage

75.51

69.34

67.81

62.17

64.20

Road transport-related tax revenue, % total environmental tax revenue

Percentage

24.33

29.82

30.24

34.83

32.82

Emissions priced above EUR 30 per tonne of CO2, % total emissions

Percentage

0.20

Emissions priced above EUR 60 per tonne of CO2, % total emissions

Percentage

0.19

0.20

Emissions priced above EUR 120 per tonne of CO2, % total emissions

0.10

0.00

Diesel tax, USD per litre Information on item

US dollars per litre, 2015

0.38

0.47

0.42

0.29

0.26

0.27

0.26

Diesel end-user price, USD per litre Information on item

US dollars per litre, 2015

0.72

0.78

0.91

0.97

0.88

0.79

0.85

0.97

0.93

0.79

Petrol tax, USD per litre Information on item

US dollars per litre, 2015

0.44

0.42

0.29

0.26

0.27

0.26

Petrol end-user price, USD per litre Information on item

US dollars per litre, 2015

0.79

0.91

1.00

0.91

0.83

0.89

0.96

0.95

0.83

Residential electricity price, USD per kWh Information on item

US Dollar, 2015

0.11

0.12

0.11

0.19

0.18

0.20

0.21

0.20

0.18

Industry electricity price, USD per kWh Information on item

US Dollar, 2015

0.11

0.12

0.08

0.19

0.18

0.20

0.21

0.20

Mean feed-in tariff for solar PV electricity generation

US Dollar

0.00

0.35

0.23

0.21

Mean feed-in tariff for wind electricity generation

US Dollar

0.00

Fossil fuel consumer support, % total tax revenue

Percentage

0.99

2.12

1.23

1.02

1.43

1.47

1.26

1.37

1.35

Fossil fuel consumer support, % energy related tax revenue

Percentage

14.16

36.66

26.02

26.04

37.47

Fossil fuel consumer support, % total fossil fuel support

Percentage

71.03

84.49

74.64

79.40

71.60

72.50

69.60

70.71

68.84

Fossil fuel producer support, % total fossil fuel support

Percentage

28.97

15.45

25.09

20.41

27.61

27.14

29.87

28.94

30.85

Fossil fuel general services support, % total fossil fuel support

Percentage

0.00

0.06

0.26

0.19

0.79

0.36

0.53

0.35

0.30

Petroleum support, % total fossil fuel support

Percentage

92.42

95.52

78.38

72.69

80.23

79.06

86.93

81.64

80.89

Coal support, % total fossil fuel support

Percentage

4.85

2.19

0.35

0.25

0.46

0.08

0.12

0.05

0.07

Gas support, % total fossil fuel support

Percentage

2.73

2.29

1.92

2.32

1.54

1.48

1.72

1.50

2.03

Electricity support, % total fossil fuel support

Percentage

0.00

19.35

24.74

17.77

19.38

11.23

16.81

17.01

Total fossil fuel support, % of total tax revenue

Percentage

0.00

1.39

2.51

1.65

1.28

1.99

2.03

1.81

1.94

1.96

Regulations and management

Terrestrial protected area, % land area

Percentage

5.12

6.21

7.17

11.46

18.28

19.02

19.28

19.38

20.34

Marine protected area, % total exclusive economic zone

Percentage

4.74

4.95

5.08

6.00

11.25

11.48

11.63

40.97

Socio-economic context

Economic context

Real GDP, Index 2000=100 Information on item

Index, 2000=100

^(E)

70.59

^(E)

82.68

^(E)

100.00

^(E)

135.76

^(E)

155.84

^(E)

159.42

^(E)

164.00

^(E)

167.46

^(E)

167.45

^(E)

169.92

^(E)

176.28

Real GDP

^(E)	509 507.20

^(E)	596 805.40

^(E)	721 823.20

^(E)	979 952.40

^(E)	1 124 893.00

^(E)	1 150 719.00

^(E)	1 183 756.00

^(E)	1 208 771.00

^(E)	1 208 724.00

^(E)	1 226 555.00

^(E)	1 272 404.00

Value added in agriculture, % of total value added

Percentage

3.45

3.68

3.83

2.45

2.59

2.90

2.64

2.26

2.14

2.43

Value added in industry, % of total value added

Percentage

30.04

28.28

25.91

28.39

24.02

25.18

25.89

27.09

27.16

27.27

Value added in services, % of total value added

Percentage

66.52

68.03

70.25

69.16

73.39

71.92

71.48

70.65

70.70

70.30

Labour tax revenue, % GDP

Percentage

^(E)

13.77

^(E)

13.39

^(E)

12.83

^(E)

11.05

^(E)

12.97

^(E)

12.63

^(E)

12.91

^(E)

13.17

^(E)

12.97

^(E)

12.46

Labour tax revenue, % total tax revenue

Percentage

49.08

47.44

42.19

43.91

46.68

45.92

45.24

46.01

46.76

^(E)

47.53

Real GDP per capita Information on item

US Dollar, 2015

^(E)

29 856.63

^(E)

33 146.87

^(E)

37 933.19

^(E)

44 479.10

^(E)

47 232.65

^(E)

47 568.26

^(E)

48 116.53

^(E)

48 384.33

^(E)

47 651.84

^(E)

47 729.41

^(E)

48 378.04

Nominal exchange rate

1.28

1.35

1.72

1.09

1.33

1.35

1.30

1.34

1.44

1.45

1.33

Purchasing power parity

1.37

1.31

1.50

1.47

1.45

1.48

1.47

1.48

1.45

1.46

GDP deflator

55.30

60.11

66.41

98.18

100.00

103.75

105.64

109.26

111.20

114.35

120.40

Social context

Population

Per 1 000 inhabitants

17 065.13

18 004.88

19 028.80

22 031.75

23 815.99

24 190.91

24 601.86

24 982.69

25 365.74

25 698.09

Population, ages 0-14, % total

Percentage

22.09

21.57

20.88

19.03

18.89

18.97

19.06

19.14

19.22

^(E)

19.29

Population, ages 15-64, % total

Percentage

66.85

66.57

66.79

67.59

66.26

65.89

65.53

65.17

64.83

^(E)

64.49

Population, ages 65 and above, % total

Percentage

11.06

11.86

12.32

13.38

14.85

15.14

15.42

15.69

15.95

^(E)

16.21

Women, % total population

Percentage

50.15

50.25

50.12

49.99

50.17

50.19

50.20

^(E)

50.20

Total fertility rate, children per woman

Children

1.86

1.82

1.78

1.91

1.85

1.84

1.83

1.82

1.81

^(E)

1.80

Life expectancy at birth

Years

77.09

78.38

79.74

82.01

82.86

83.03

83.20

83.35

83.50

^(E)

83.64

Net migration

Per 1 000 inhabitants

472.33

373.48

508.94

1 077.95

870.49

830.86

791.23

768.45

745.68

^(E)

722.90

Population density, inhabitants per km2

Inhabitants

2.20

2.33

2.46

2.85

3.08

3.12

3.18

3.23

3.28

^(E)

3.32

^(E)

3.40

Legend:

B	Break
E	Estimated value
I	Incomplete data

Data extracted on 27 May 2022 02:54 UTC (GMT) from OECD.Stat

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