Green Growth Indicators

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Environment
- Air and Climate
- Water
- Environmental risks and health
  - Mortality, morbidity and welfare cost from exposure to environment-related risks
  - Exposure to air pollution
    - Exposure to PM2.5 in countries and regions
    - Exposure to PM2.5 in Functional Urban Areas
- Waste
- Material Resources
  - Material Resources
- Forest
  - Depletion and growth of forest resources in terms of volume
- Biodiversity
  - Protected areas
    - Protected area
    - Protected area by management objective
  - Threatened species
- Land Resources
  - Land Cover
    - Land cover in countries and regions
      - Land cover in countries
      - Land cover in macroregions
    - Land cover in Functional Urban Areas
      - Land cover in Functional Urban Areas
      - Land cover in Functional Urban Areas -detail
    - Land cover change in countries and regions
    - Built-up area and built-up area change in countries and regions
    - Built-up area and built-up area change in Functional Urban Areas
      - Built-up area in Functional Urban Areas
      - Built-up area change in Functional Urban Areas
    - Surface water and surface water change
      - Surface water
      - Surface water change
    - Intact Forest Landscapes
  - Land Use
    - Land use
- Innovation in environment-related technologies
- Environmentally Adjusted Multifactor Productivity
  - Environmentally Adjusted Multifactor Productivity
- Environmental Expenditures and Revenues
  - Environmental protection expenditure and revenues (DISCONTINUED)
- Agri-Environmental indicators: Nutrients
- Environmental policy
- Agri-Environmental other indicators
- Green Growth
  - Green Growth Indicators
- Mineral and Energy Resource Accounts
  - Mineral and Energy Resources
- Policy Indicators on Trade and Environment

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Green Growth Indicators

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Country

Year

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Variable

Unit

Environmental and resource productivity

CO2 Productivity

Production-based CO2 productivity, GDP per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions

Number, 2010

1.89

2.01

2.08

2.25

2.46

2.56

2.63

2.74

2.88

2.90

2.91

2.97

3.06

Production-based CO2 intensity, energy-related CO2 per capita

Tonnes

15.31

15.86

17.62

18.11

17.32

16.95

16.67

16.16

15.55

15.62

15.74

15.64

15.38

Production-based CO2 emissions, index 2000=100

Index, 2000=100

77.60

85.26

100.00

109.22

114.63

114.18

114.07

112.29

109.68

111.71

114.11

114.92

114.41

Production-based CO2 emissions

Tonnes, Millions

259.70

285.32

334.65

365.52

383.62

382.11

381.71

375.79

367.03

373.85

381.88

384.58

382.87

Demand-based CO2 productivity, GDP per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions

US dollars per kilogram, 2010

1.96

2.11

2.18

2.14

2.30

2.49

2.55

Demand-based CO2 productivity, disposable income per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions

US dollars per kilogram, 2010

1.57

1.69

1.76

1.74

1.85

2.00

2.02

Demand-based CO2 intensity, energy-related CO2 per capita

Tonnes

20.74

20.14

19.98

20.49

19.27

17.93

17.82

Demand-based CO2 emissions

Tonnes, Millions

418.42

446.21

450.35

469.37

448.02

423.10

426.40

Energy productivity

Energy productivity, GDP per unit of TPES

US Dollar, 2010

5 691.78

6 208.88

6 430.48

7 242.83

7 409.38

7 644.61

7 939.26

8 097.74

8 366.58

8 574.65

8 672.63

8 994.25

9 138.52

Energy intensity, TPES per capita

Tonnes of oil equivalent (toe)

5.08

5.14

5.69

5.62

5.75

5.69

5.53

5.48

5.35

5.29

5.28

5.17

5.16

Total primary energy supply, index 2000=100

Index, 2000=100

79.68

85.58

100.00

104.97

117.76

118.58

117.17

117.83

116.71

117.12

118.50

117.51

118.75

Total primary energy supply

Tonnes of oil equivalent (toe), Millions

86.14

92.51

108.11

113.49

127.30

128.20

126.67

127.38

126.17

126.61

128.11

127.03

128.38

Renewable energy supply, % TPES

Percentage

5.89

5.98

5.88

5.69

5.25

5.40

5.44

6.01

6.28

6.32

6.47

6.95

6.88

Renewable electricity, % total electricity generation

Percentage

9.66

9.62

8.38

8.80

8.60

10.36

10.49

13.12

14.60

13.30

14.50

15.60

17.05

Energy consumption in agriculture, % total energy consumption

Percentage

2.30

2.33

2.31

3.20

2.86

2.74

2.76

2.75

2.91

3.01

3.19

Energy consumption in services, % total energy consumption

Percentage

6.14

6.66

7.24

8.63

9.10

8.92

8.81

8.94

9.10

9.64

9.72

9.81

Energy consumption in industry, % total energy consumption

Percentage

34.10

33.81

34.19

30.83

29.66

29.59

29.62

30.02

29.80

28.77

27.93

27.47

Energy consumption in transport, % total energy consumption

Percentage

37.26

37.06

36.87

37.58

39.16

38.95

38.66

38.76

38.78

39.78

40.16

40.75

Energy consumption in other sectors, % total energy consumption

Percentage

20.20

20.14

19.38

19.76

19.21

19.80

20.16

19.53

19.57

18.90

19.18

18.78

Non-energy material productivity

Non-energy material productivity, GDP per unit of DMC

US dollars per kilogram, 2010

0.94

1.00

1.14

1.37

1.42

1.45

1.49

1.51

1.55

Biomass, % of DMC

Percentage

^(E)

25.68

^(E)

29.28

^(E)

28.02

^(E)

28.17

^(E)

25.50

^(E)

25.29

^(E)

26.70

^(E)

24.90

^(E)

26.00

^(E)

25.88

^(E)

25.74

^(E)

25.63

Non-metallic minerals, % of DMC

Percentage

^(E)

29.34

^(E)

28.52

^(E)

24.27

^(E)

26.74

^(E)

28.06

^(E)

28.25

^(E)

28.68

^(E)

28.74

^(E)

29.32

^(E)

29.73

^(E)

30.09

^(E)

30.38

Metals, % of DMC

Percentage

^(E)

44.99

^(E)

42.20

^(E)

47.71

^(E)

45.10

^(E)

46.44

^(E)

46.45

^(E)

44.62

^(E)

46.36

^(E)

44.68

^(E)

44.39

^(E)

44.17

^(E)

43.99

Nitrogen balance per hectare

Kilograms

20.41

19.44

20.74

15.34

16.44

17.04

18.63

18.41

19.18

19.90

Phosphorus balance per hectare

Kilograms

1.02

1.12

1.34

0.72

0.66

0.80

0.81

0.77

0.99

1.06

Municipal waste generated, kg per capita

Kilograms per capita

^(E)

695.05

610.06

597.33

582.65

568.79

555.58

557.59

Municipal waste incinerated, % treated waste

Percentage

7.93

9.11

10.06

11.03

12.02

9.39

Municipal waste recycled or composted, % treated waste

Percentage

39.99

42.26

42.24

42.22

42.19

42.00

Municipal waste disposed to landfills, % treated waste

Percentage

52.08

48.63

47.70

46.75

45.78

48.61

Environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity

Environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity growth

Percentage points

2.04

0.96

1.16

0.34

2.01

1.50

Contribution of natural capital

Percentage points

0.05

0.15

0.18

0.40

0.30

0.40

Adjustment for pollution abatement

Percentage points

-0.45

-0.15

-0.07

-0.01

0.12

-0.03

Natural asset base

Freshwater resources

Total renewable freshwater per capita

Cubic metres per capita

16 048.51

Total freshwater abstraction per capita

Cubic metres per capita

1 337.79

658.12

625.11

608.26

714.03

865.92

820.84

759.34

691.31

703.12

Water stress, total freshwater abstraction as % total available renewable resources

Percentage

^(E)

6.66

^(E)

3.67

^(E)

3.83

^(E)

3.79

^(E)

4.52

^(E)

5.57

^(E)

5.36

^(E)

5.03

^(E)

4.64

^(E)

4.78

Water stress, total freshwater abstraction as % total internal renewable resources

Percentage

^(E)

6.66

^(E)

3.67

^(E)

3.83

^(E)

3.79

^(E)

4.52

^(E)

5.57

^(E)

5.36

^(E)

5.03

^(E)

4.64

^(E)

4.78

Permanent surface water, % total surface

Percentage

0.14

Seasonal surface water, % total surface

Percentage

0.52

Conversion of permanent water to not-water surface, % permanent water, since 1984

Percentage

12.73

Conversion of permanent to seasonal water surface, % permanent water, since 1984

Percentage

12.69

Conversion of not-water to permanent water surface, % permanent water, since 1984

Percentage

16.15

Conversion of seasonal to permanent water surface, % permanent water, since 1984

Percentage

2.46

Land resources

Natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % total

Percentage

87.04

Bare land, % total

Percentage

4.38

Cropland, % total

Percentage

8.16

Artificial surfaces, % total

Percentage

0.16

Water, % total

Percentage

0.26

Loss of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 1992

Percentage, 1992

0.97

Loss of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 2004

Percentage, 2004

0.20

Gain of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 1992

Percentage, 1992

0.89

Gain of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 2004

Percentage, 2004

0.60

Conversion from natural and semi-natural land to cropland, % since 1992

Percentage, 1992

0.66

Conversion from natural and semi-natural land to artificial surfaces, % since 1992

Percentage, 1992

0.05

Conversion from cropland to artificial surfaces, % since 1992

Percentage, 1992

0.18

Built up area, % total land

Percentage

0.12

0.14

0.15

Built up area per capita

Square metres

544.97

544.58

497.64

New built up area, % since 1990

Percentage

11.80

25.79

New built up area, % since 2000

Percentage, 2000

12.51

Forest resources

Forests under sustainable management certification FSC, % total forest area

Percentage

0.00

0.40

0.49

^(E)

0.66

^(E)

0.79

^(E)

0.74

^(E)

0.87

Wildlife resources

Threatened mammal species, % total known species

Percentage

27.11

Threatened bird species, % total known species

Percentage

16.84

Threatened vascular plant species, % total known species

Percentage

6.58

Environmental dimension of quality of life

Exposure to environmental risks

Mean population exposure to PM2.5

Micrograms per cubic metre

10.36

10.42

10.74

10.53

10.54

10.88

10.40

9.84

9.36

9.20

8.54

8.52

Percentage of population exposed to more than 10 micrograms/m3

Percentage

32.18

32.21

34.96

34.63

34.08

37.59

31.74

29.72

28.35

27.36

26.00

25.98

Percentage of population exposed to more than 35 micrograms/m3

Percentage

0.00

Mortality from exposure to ambient PM2.5

Per 1 000 000 inhabitants

300.07

284.45

263.71

231.55

217.45

223.71

209.10

198.21

193.41

192.03

181.94

187.09

Welfare costs of premature mortalities from exposure to ambient PM2.5, GDP equivalent

Percentage

3.06

2.85

2.57

2.21

2.05

2.10

1.96

1.86

1.81

1.79

1.69

1.74

Mortality from exposure to ambient ozone

Per 1 000 000 inhabitants

3.88

4.19

4.13

4.35

6.19

6.83

7.37

8.09

9.14

10.22

11.16

12.53

Welfare costs of premature deaths from exposure to ambient ozone, GDP equivalent

Percentage

0.04

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.10

0.12

Mortality from exposure to lead

Per 1 000 000 inhabitants

132.66

126.72

116.43

102.92

92.37

91.07

87.62

85.72

86.50

87.31

88.46

90.09

Welfare costs of premature deaths from exposure to lead, GDP equivalent

Percentage

1.35

1.27

1.13

0.98

0.87

0.86

0.82

0.80

0.81

0.82

0.84

Mortality from exposure to residential radon

Per 1 000 000 inhabitants

1.84

1.87

1.86

1.84

1.83

1.79

1.82

1.83

1.84

1.90

Welfare costs of premature mortalities from exposure to residential radon, GDP equivalent

Percentage

0.02

Access to drinking water and sewage treatment

Population with access to improved sanitation, % total population

Percentage

64.21

65.09

69.49

70.37

71.24

72.12

73.00

73.88

74.76

75.64

Population connected to public sewerage, % total population

Percentage

93.18

93.54

94.10

94.08

92.57

92.38

^(E)

92.48

92.69

Population connected to sewerage with primary treatment, % total population

Percentage

45.84

44.24

37.55

21.64

19.62

20.51

20.07

19.74

Population connected to sewerage with secondary treatment, % total population

Percentage

16.40

23.39

9.79

24.84

23.24

22.26

23.95

24.56

Population connected to sewerage with tertiary treatment, % total population

Percentage

30.94

25.91

46.77

47.60

49.71

49.61

48.46

48.38

Economic opportunities and policy responses

Technology and innovation: Patents

Development of environment-related technologies, % all technologies

Percentage

8.96

10.86

7.98

9.42

13.53

12.13

10.87

10.55

10.27

9.61

9.16

Relative advantage in environment-related technology

Ratio

1.32

1.61

1.20

1.24

1.15

1.03

0.94

0.98

0.99

1.01

Development of environment-related technologies, % inventions worldwide

Percentage

1.19

1.58

1.33

1.24

0.90

0.80

0.72

0.75

0.77

Development of environment-related technologies, inventions per capita

Number

5.49

7.97

10.84

13.63

14.56

13.37

11.97

11.98

11.37

10.55

10.18

Technology and innovation: R&D

Environmentally related government R&D budget, % total government R&D

Percentage

^(B)

3.12

^(B)

1.19

^(B)

2.95

^(B)

1.82

^(B)

3.95

^(B)

3.56

^(B)

4.05

^(B)

3.89

^(B)

3.87

^(B)

3.86

^(B)

3.49

^(EB)

4.68

^(EB)

3.69

Environmentally related R&D expenditure, % GDP

Percentage

^(I)

0.04

0.03

Renewable energy public RD&D budget, % total energy public RD&D

Percentage

4.60

12.42

20.24

33.64

33.40

53.93

30.40

54.06

33.10

33.68

28.06

Energy public RD&D budget, % GDP

Percentage

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.02

0.01

Fossil fuel public RD&D budget (excluding CCS), % total energy public RD&D

Percentage

51.82

22.94

8.76

12.93

7.65

4.90

26.55

16.73

9.36

23.37

20.41

International financial flows: Official Development Assistance

Environmentally related ODA, % total ODA

Percentage

^(E)

0.48

13.74

5.87

10.90

18.20

17.45

17.10

11.02

11.07

10.72

17.75

16.10

ODA - all sectors - biodiversity, % total ODA

Percentage

2.57

0.84

7.05

7.35

8.15

4.86

3.12

4.74

7.93

9.11

ODA - all sectors - climate change mitigation, % total ODA

Percentage

1.32

1.41

7.29

4.47

8.01

5.28

3.78

4.02

7.45

8.62

ODA - all sectors - climate change adaptation, % total ODA

Percentage

0.00

11.86

11.94

7.87

6.30

8.19

13.16

13.47

ODA - all sectors - desertification, % total ODA

Percentage

1.59

0.22

10.33

3.27

6.55

2.93

2.01

3.15

5.35

6.54

ODA - renewable energy sector, % total allocable ODA

Percentage

0.00

0.03

0.00

0.01

0.00

0.08

0.07

0.35

0.36

0.23

0.82

ODA - water supply and sanitation sector, % total allocable ODA

Percentage

2.96

3.95

10.00

0.31

7.05

8.72

5.88

7.73

5.77

5.79

4.38

4.18

ODA - environment sector, % total allocable ODA

Percentage

0.59

0.05

3.44

1.66

3.25

3.75

4.43

4.50

1.79

1.33

0.73

2.04

Net ODA provided, % GNI

Percentage

0.34

0.27

0.25

0.32

0.34

0.36

0.33

0.31

0.29

0.27

0.23

Environmental taxes and transfers

Environmentally related taxes, % GDP

Percentage

^(EI)

2.61

^(EI)

2.42

^(EI)

2.17

^(EI)

1.86

^(EI)

1.79

^(EI)

2.07

^(EI)

2.07

^(EI)

1.91

^(EI)

1.81

^(EI)

1.70

Environmentally related taxes, % total tax revenue

Percentage

^(EI)

9.23

^(EI)

7.94

^(EI)

7.24

^(EI)

7.36

^(EI)

6.91

^(EI)

7.69

^(EI)

7.65

^(EI)

6.99

^(EI)

6.50

^(EI)

6.17

Energy related tax revenue, % total environmental tax revenue

Percentage

75.67

73.03

^(EI)

63.41

^(EI)

60.94

^(EI)

61.21

^(EI)

64.57

^(EI)

64.53

^(EI)

60.90

^(EI)

57.98

^(EI)

59.88

Road transport-related tax revenue, % total environmental tax revenue

Percentage

^(I)

24.17

^(I)

26.07

^(I)

35.66

^(I)

37.23

^(I)

36.55

^(I)

33.02

^(I)

33.05

^(I)

36.65

^(I)

39.15

^(I)

37.28

Petrol tax, USD per litre

US dollars per litre, 2010

0.39

0.37

0.29

0.25

0.24

0.23

Petrol end-user price, USD per litre

US dollars per litre, 2010

0.69

0.80

0.86

0.88

0.96

0.94

0.93

0.92

0.80

0.73

0.78

0.84

Diesel tax, USD per litre

US dollars per litre, 2010

0.33

0.41

0.37

0.29

0.25

0.24

0.23

Diesel end-user price, USD per litre

US dollars per litre, 2010

0.63

0.68

0.80

0.93

0.85

0.95

0.94

0.93

0.77

0.69

0.75

0.85

Residential electricity price, USD per kWh

US Dollar, 2010

0.11

0.12

0.11

0.19

0.20

0.18

0.17

0.19

0.20

Industry electricity price, USD per kWh

US Dollar, 2010

0.07

0.09

0.08

Mean feed-in tariff for solar PV electricity generation

US Dollar

0.00

0.35

0.44

0.40

0.34

0.28

0.23

Mean feed-in tariff for wind electricity generation

US Dollar

0.00

Fossil fuel consumption support, % energy related tax revenue

Percentage

39.21

40.43

37.81

38.33

29.58

28.58

33.42

37.11

36.11

Fossil fuel consumption support, % total tax revenue

Percentage

2.27

1.86

1.70

1.62

1.47

1.41

1.42

1.40

1.33

1.35

Fossil fuel consumption support, % total fossil fuel support

Percentage

90.42

79.53

80.16

77.47

86.10

83.16

84.12

83.97

83.28

83.59

Fossil fuel production support, % total fossil fuel support

Percentage

9.53

20.37

19.64

22.24

13.38

16.39

15.69

15.89

16.01

16.20

Fossil fuel general services support, % total fossil fuel support

Percentage

0.06

0.09

0.20

0.30

0.52

0.45

0.19

0.14

0.71

0.21

Petroleum support, % total fossil fuel support

Percentage

95.52

97.22

98.21

95.73

98.00

94.97

98.37

98.10

97.58

98.25

Coal support, % total fossil fuel support

Percentage

2.19

1.22

0.27

2.87

0.06

3.28

0.18

0.19

0.57

0.09

Gas support, % total fossil fuel support

Percentage

2.29

1.56

1.52

1.40

1.94

1.75

1.44

1.71

1.85

1.66

Total fossil fuel support, % of total tax revenue

Percentage

2.51

2.33

2.12

2.10

1.71

1.70

1.69

1.67

1.60

1.61

Socio-economic context

Real GDP, Index 2000=100

Index, 2000=100

70.53

82.63

100.00

118.24

135.68

140.97

144.66

148.38

151.84

156.17

159.82

164.36

^(E)

168.76

Value added in agriculture, % of total value added

Percentage

3.46

3.69

3.84

2.96

2.44

2.40

2.43

2.37

2.54

2.57

2.91

2.78

Value added in industry, % of total value added

Percentage

30.13

28.37

25.93

27.81

28.29

28.02

26.81

27.29

25.33

24.02

25.20

25.76

Value added in services, % of total value added

Percentage

66.41

67.93

70.23

69.23

69.27

69.58

70.76

70.34

72.13

73.42

71.89

71.46

Real GDP per capita

US Dollar, 2010

28 907.25

31 923.49

36 604.91

40 734.01

42 574.69

43 483.14

43 907.62

44 355.80

44 735.02

45 362.43

45 793.25

46 474.86

^(E)

47 120.43

Population density, inhabitants per km2

Inhabitants

2.19

2.32

2.45

2.61

2.86

2.91

2.96

3.00

3.05

3.09

3.13

3.18

^(E)

3.22

Labour tax revenue, % GDP

Percentage

13.80

13.42

12.85

13.22

11.06

11.55

11.97

12.02

12.67

12.94

12.60

12.88

^(E)

13.14

Labour tax revenue, % total tax revenue

Percentage

49.08

47.44

42.20

44.10

43.76

44.62

44.47

44.35

46.45

46.42

45.65

45.15

^(E)

44.50

Legend:

B	Break
E	Estimated value
I	Incomplete data

Data extracted on 09 Dec 2019 20:50 UTC (GMT) from OECD.Stat

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