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R&D personel by sector and major field of R&D (FORD)
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Country [44 / 44]
Sector of employment [5 / 5]
Field of R&D [10 / 10]
Measure [1 / 1]
Gender [2 / 2]
Function [2 / 2]
Year [10]
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Combine
Manage
Sector of employment
Total intramural
Business enterprise
Government
Higher education
Private non-profit
Field of R&D
Total
Natural sciences and engineering
Natural sciences
Engineering and technology
Medical and health sciences
Agricultural and veterinary sciences
Social sciences, humanities, and the arts
Social sciences
Humanities and the arts
Not elsewhere classified
Function
Total internal personnel
Researchers
Gender
Total
Female
Measure
Full time equivalent
Unit
Full time equivalent
Year
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Country
Australia
92 648.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Austria
(
D
E
)
34 508
(
D
)
34 664
(
D
E
)
36 581
(
D
)
37 114
(
D
E
)
39 701
(
D
)
40 426
(
D
E
)
42 805
(
D
)
43 562
(
D
E
)
45 699
..
Belgium
36 774
38 225
40 832
42 686
45 597
46 355
50 820
53 178
(
E
)
54 280
..
Canada
157 200
150 220
158 660
165 100
161 590
163 180
(
B
)
162 090
..
155 128
..
Chile
(
D
)
5 959.075
(
D
m
)
4 859
(
D
m
)
5 440
(
D
)
6 078.4
(
D
)
6 798.01
(
D
)
5 892.899
(
D
)
7 585.24
(
D
)
8 175.327
(
D
P
)
8 992.522
..
Czech Republic
29 785
28 759
29 228
30 682
33 217
34 271
36 040
38 080.999
37 338
..
Denmark
(
E
)
35 702
36 789
37 435
39 181
40 080
39 968
41 409
42 826
44 815
..
Estonia
3 979
4 314
4 077
4 511
4 582
4 407
4 323
4 187
4 338
..
Finland
40 879
40 849
41 425
(
B
)
40 003
40 468
39 196
38 281
37 516
35 908
..
France
(
D
)
227 679
(
D
)
234 366
(
B
)
243 533
249 247
258 913
266 222
267 308
(
P
)
277 631
..
..
Germany
(
E
)
302 641
317 307
(
E
)
327 996
338 689
352 419
354 463
351 923
387 982
399 605
..
Greece
..
..
..
(
B
D
)
24 674
(
D
)
24 800
(
D
)
29 228
(
D
)
29 877
(
D
)
34 708
(
D
)
29 403
..
Hungary
18 504
20 064
21 342
23 019
23 837
25 038
26 213
25 316
25 804
..
Iceland
2 308
2 505
..
(
B
)
2 258
..
(
B
)
1 848
..
1 944
2 206
..
Ireland
14 502
14 189
(
E
)
14 176
(
E
)
15 269
(
E
)
15 973
(
E
)
16 844
(
E
)
20 727
25 001
26 293
..
Italy
95 766
101 840
103 424
106 151
110 695
116 163
118 183
125 875
(
B
)
133 706
..
Japan
(
B
D
)
656 676
(
D
)
655 530
(
D
)
656 032
(
D
)
656 651
(
D
)
646 347
(
B
D
)
660 489
(
D
)
682 935
(
D
)
662 071
(
D
)
665 566
(
D
)
676 292
Latvia
(
D
)
4 370
(
D
)
3 621
(
D
)
3 896
(
D
)
3 947
(
D
)
3 904
(
D
)
3 625
(
D
)
3 748
(
D
)
3 613
(
D
)
3 152
..
Lithuania
8 433
8 490
8 599
8 390
8 023
8 557
9 075
8 167
8 525
..
Luxembourg
2 288
2 396
2 613
2 831
(
B
)
2 310
2 503
2 629
2 539
(
P
)
2 505
..
Netherlands
50 727
46 958
53 703
(
B
)
61 335
(
B
)
73 235
76 670
76 229
79 155
81 117
..
Norway
25 578
26 273
26 451
27 228
27 841
28 312
29 237
30 632
31 913
..
Poland
61 805
61 105
64 511
64 133
67 001
71 472
78 622
82 594
88 165
..
Portugal
(
B
)
40 408
39 834
41 523
44 056
42 498
(
B
)
37 813
38 155
38 672
41 349
..
Slovak Republic
12 587
13 290
15 183
15 326
15 271
14 727
14 742
14 406
14 149
..
Slovenia
(
B
)
7 032
7 446
7 703
(
B
)
8 774
8 884
8 707
8 574
7 900
8 119
..
Spain
(
D
)
130 986
(
D
)
133 803
(
D
)
134 653
(
D
)
130 235
(
D
)
126 778
(
D
)
123 225
(
D
)
122 235
(
D
)
122 437
126 633
..
Sweden
(
E
)
50 220
(
E
)
47 308
(
E
)
49 312
(
E
)
48 702
(
E
)
49 280
(
B
E
)
64 194
(
E
)
66 643
(
E
)
66 734
(
P
)
70 372
..
Switzerland
25 142
..
..
..
35 785
..
..
43 740
..
..
Turkey
52 811
57 759
64 341
72 109
(
E
)
82 122
(
E
)
89 075
(
E
)
89 657
(
E
)
95 161
100 158
..
Non-OECD Economies
Argentina
..
..
..
..
50 489
50 785
51 666
52 970
54 046
..
China (People's Republic of)
(
D
)
1 592 420
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Romania
19 394
19 271
19 780
(
B
)
16 080
18 016
18 576
18 109
17 459
18 046
..
Singapore
27 841
30 530.24
32 030.565
33 718.5
34 140.997
36 025.435
36 665.597
..
..
..
Chinese Taipei
110 461.375
119 583.133
128 347.306
134 762.171
140 102.348
141 159.12
142 983.062
145 380.827
147 709.834
..
Legend:
B
Break
D
Difference in methodology
E
Estimated value
m
Underestimated or based on underestimated data
P
Provisional value
Data extracted on 17 Nov 2019 08:51 UTC (GMT) from
OECD.Stat
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