External sectors, trade and payments | Current account balance as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | -3.399 | 1.559 | 1.073 | 4.385 | -4.230 | 0.490 | 4.895 | -19.888 | -6.530 | 13.741 | 10.788 | 9.829 | 9.363 | 10.308 |
Exchange rate, national currency per USD | Euro | | 0.778 | 0.753 | 0.754 | 0.901 | 0.904 | 0.887 | 0.847 | 0.893 | 0.878 | 0.846 | 0.951 | 0.928 | 0.937 | 0.937 |
Exchange rate, USD per national currency | US Dollar | | 1.286 | 1.328 | 1.329 | 1.109 | 1.106 | 1.129 | 1.181 | 1.119 | 1.141 | 1.183 | 1.054 | 1.078 | 1.067 | 1.067 |
Exports of goods and services, volume in USD (national accounts basis) | US Dollar, 2015 | | 220 844 449 728.644 | 228 798 413 536.896 | 261 367 474 048.193 | 355 577 378 508.493 | 375 045 864 882.828 | 415 377 377 330.795 | 456 841 312 501.201 | 513 336 266 935.740 | 571 221 648 643.532 | 656 479 840 919.989 | 749 582 563 700.467 | 730 100 065 490.199 | 741 250 287 787.859 | 768 559 826 610.558 |
Goods and services trade, volume in USD | US Dollar, 2015 | | 198 335 349 406.105 | 203 195 897 745.030 | 232 495 587 297.932 | 313 357 751 620.517 | 349 506 064 330.482 | 371 354 610 051.055 | 396 030 487 754.530 | 495 625 075 197.541 | 520 133 795 152.035 | 545 841 448 239.629 | 627 575 029 763.360 | 617 278 106 192.789 | 627 970 216 520.223 | 650 491 182 556.993 |
Imports of goods and services, volume in USD (national accounts basis) | US Dollar, 2015 | | 175 826 249 083.566 | 177 593 381 953.165 | 203 623 700 547.672 | 271 138 124 732.541 | 323 966 263 778.136 | 327 331 842 771.315 | 335 219 663 007.858 | 477 913 883 459.342 | 469 045 941 660.538 | 435 203 055 559.270 | 505 567 495 826.252 | 504 456 146 895.379 | 514 690 145 252.587 | 532 422 538 503.428 |
Government accounts | General government gross financial assets as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | 52.945 | 52.400 | 42.663 | 31.627 | 29.434 | 26.531 | 27.533 | 25.730 | 24.531 | 24.860 | 20.388 | 20.388 | 20.388 | 20.388 |
General government gross financial liabilities as a percentage of GDP | Ratio | | 131.433 | 133.128 | 121.676 | 88.729 | 86.007 | 76.658 | 74.526 | 68.849 | 71.344 | 64.498 | 46.401 | 44.415 | 42.382 | 40.006 |
General government net lending as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | -8.513 | -6.416 | -3.612 | -2.033 | -0.770 | -0.289 | 0.134 | 0.475 | -4.984 | -1.523 | 1.681 | 1.251 | 0.957 | 1.243 |
General government primary balance as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | -5.255 | -2.861 | -0.260 | 0.341 | 1.466 | 1.647 | 1.705 | 1.742 | -3.975 | -0.770 | 2.296 | 1.875 | 1.575 | 1.841 |
Gross public debt, Maastricht criterion as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | 120.296 | 120.372 | 104.227 | 76.529 | 74.623 | 67.625 | 62.944 | 57.154 | 58.060 | 54.500 | 44.417 | 42.431 | 40.397 | 38.021 |
Expenditure and GDP | Change in inventories, contributions to changes in real GDP | Percentage, 2021 | | -0.001 | -0.002 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.002 | -0.010 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.010 | 0.019 | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Exports of goods and services, volume (national accounts basis) | Euro, 2021 | | 194 929 059 921.000 | 201 949 651 517.000 | 230 696 836 949.000 | 313 851 510 450.000 | 331 035 432 218.000 | 366 634 170 680.000 | 403 232 445 680.000 | 453 097 897 910.000 | 504 190 615 220.000 | 579 444 031 330.000 | 661 621 447 380.000 | 644 425 158 020.198 | 654 266 937 395.063 | 678 371 789 186.113 |
Government final consumption expenditure, volume | Euro, 2021 | | 35 362 491 652.000 | 34 575 502 089.000 | 35 579 437 234.000 | 36 558 415 861.000 | 38 169 647 470.000 | 39 800 248 510.000 | 42 038 077 789.000 | 44 633 336 591.000 | 49 191 797 406.000 | 52 400 305 392.000 | 54 766 707 865.000 | 55 667 587 043.799 | 56 413 763 621.771 | 56 846 760 549.395 |
Gross capital formation, total, volume | Euro, 2021 | | 43 229 074 599.000 | 41 755 282 209.000 | 51 842 720 382.000 | 76 629 519 266.000 | 109 976 388 258.000 | 110 442 010 713.000 | 99 636 105 930.000 | 195 718 072 639.000 | 164 396 121 983.001 | 102 006 793 854.001 | 111 647 198 495.001 | 111 750 865 042.583 | 116 430 210 934.553 | 118 769 708 191.750 |
Gross domestic product, nominal value, market prices | Euro | | 174 591 547 511.000 | 178 813 212 469.000 | 195 133 961 084.000 | 263 527 601 777.000 | 268 863 527 564.000 | 297 613 838 154.000 | 327 034 175 984.000 | 355 848 012 338.002 | 375 272 784 840.001 | 433 258 010 530.001 | 506 025 838 690.002 | 520 737 157 359.345 | 545 159 398 225.549 | 574 764 906 638.143 |
Gross domestic product, volume in USD, at constant purchasing power parities | US Dollar, 2015 | | 241 647 989 907.871 | 245 937 883 602.565 | 266 439 129 691.851 | 325 447 844 711.871 | 332 985 382 920.552 | 366 142 513 771.069 | 397 679 911 490.085 | 419 812 510 305.450 | 444 263 960 940.574 | 509 794 565 033.498 | 558 440 142 111.223 | 554 838 052 549.080 | 567 955 006 809.797 | 584 221 370 422.014 |
Gross domestic product, volume in USD, constant exchange rates | US Dollar, 2015 | | 217 071 444 986.018 | 220 925 039 727.273 | 239 341 228 971.437 | 292 348 527 070.822 | 299 119 468 187.359 | 328 904 389 253.975 | 357 234 310 378.399 | 377 115 937 401.155 | 399 080 579 951.644 | 457 946 465 518.005 | 501 644 597 302.450 | 498 408 854 325.562 | 510 191 763 077.566 | 524 803 773 942.287 |
Gross domestic product, volume, market prices | Euro, 2021 | | 205 527 954 449.000 | 209 176 621 571.000 | 226 613 469 169.000 | 276 801 929 240.000 | 283 212 803 215.000 | 311 413 812 798.000 | 338 237 196 863.000 | 357 061 552 749.000 | 377 858 152 936.999 | 433 593 650 749.999 | 474 967 990 149.999 | 471 904 318 485.560 | 483 060 632 174.882 | 496 895 601 134.554 |
Gross fixed capital formation, total, volume | Euro, 2021 | | 42 660 577 117.000 | 41 576 428 328.000 | 48 960 725 211.000 | 72 468 676 270.000 | 106 372 821 944.000 | 106 346 816 974.000 | 98 808 820 279.000 | 194 041 643 607.000 | 160 912 879 174.000 | 96 799 230 653.000 | 102 023 527 542.000 | 93 030 489 120.240 | 94 899 783 011.343 | 97 365 092 878.843 |
Imports of goods and services, volume (national accounts basis) | Euro, 2021 | | 163 766 258 794.000 | 165 412 183 338.000 | 189 657 072 333.000 | 252 540 656 104.000 | 301 745 292 702.000 | 304 880 025 333.000 | 312 226 816 935.000 | 445 133 585 729.000 | 436 873 899 481.000 | 405 352 310 000.000 | 470 890 426 150.000 | 469 855 305 071.251 | 479 387 349 531.048 | 495 903 471 084.514 |
Net exports, contributions to changes in real GDP | Percentage, 2021 | | 0.006 | 0.029 | 0.023 | 0.090 | -0.114 | 0.120 | 0.096 | -0.248 | 0.167 | 0.279 | 0.038 | -0.033 | 0.001 | 0.015 |
Private final consumption expenditure, volume | Euro, 2021 | | 90 562 714 484.000 | 91 161 820 587.000 | 93 537 448 865.000 | 96 259 094 292.000 | 100 680 067 758.000 | 103 158 400 292.000 | 107 088 394 725.000 | 109 665 230 280.000 | 97 669 684 434.000 | 105 773 862 677.000 | 115 886 242 708.000 | 120 048 989 592.051 | 122 781 686 606.604 | 126 051 048 134.254 |
Selected variables: ready-made growth rates | Exports of goods and services, volume, growth (national accounts basis) | Percentage, 2021 | | -0.500 | 3.602 | 14.235 | 36.045 | 5.475 | 10.754 | 9.982 | 12.366 | 11.276 | 14.926 | 14.182 | -2.599 | 1.527 | 3.684 |
Government final consumption expenditure, volume, growth | Percentage, 2021 | | -2.266 | -2.225 | 2.904 | 2.752 | 4.407 | 4.272 | 5.623 | 6.174 | 10.213 | 6.522 | 4.516 | 1.645 | 1.340 | 0.768 |
Gross domestic product, market prices, deflator, growth | Percentage, 2021 | | 1.760 | 0.632 | 0.730 | 10.563 | -0.285 | 0.669 | 1.171 | 3.074 | -0.346 | 0.611 | 6.621 | 3.575 | 2.272 | 2.495 |
Gross domestic product, nominal value, growth | Percentage | | 1.661 | 2.418 | 9.127 | 35.050 | 2.025 | 10.693 | 9.885 | 8.811 | 5.459 | 15.451 | 16.795 | 2.907 | 4.690 | 5.431 |
Gross domestic product, volume, growth | Percentage, 2021 | | -0.097 | 1.775 | 8.336 | 22.147 | 2.316 | 9.958 | 8.613 | 5.565 | 5.824 | 14.750 | 9.542 | -0.645 | 2.364 | 2.864 |
Gross fixed capital formation, total, volume, growth | Percentage, 2021 | | 14.291 | -2.541 | 17.761 | 48.014 | 46.785 | -0.024 | -7.088 | 96.381 | -17.073 | -39.844 | 5.397 | -8.815 | 2.009 | 2.598 |
Harmonised core inflation | Percentage, 2021 | | 0.757 | 0.137 | 0.708 | 1.592 | 0.667 | 0.166 | 0.289 | 0.931 | -0.057 | 1.740 | 4.553 | 4.560 | 3.399 | 2.604 |
Harmonised headline inflation | Percentage, 2021 | | 1.900 | 0.529 | 0.301 | -0.033 | -0.208 | 0.259 | 0.716 | 0.877 | -0.459 | 2.421 | 8.065 | 5.330 | 3.128 | 2.601 |
Imports of goods and services, volume, growth (national accounts basis) | Percentage, 2021 | | -1.344 | 1.005 | 14.657 | 33.156 | 19.484 | 1.039 | 2.410 | 42.567 | -1.856 | -7.215 | 16.168 | -0.220 | 2.029 | 3.445 |
Private final consumption expenditure, volume, growth | Percentage, 2021 | | -0.588 | 0.662 | 2.606 | 2.910 | 4.593 | 2.462 | 3.810 | 2.406 | -10.938 | 8.298 | 9.560 | 3.592 | 2.276 | 2.663 |
Household sector accounts | Net disposable income of households and non-profit institutions serving households | Euro | | 83 184 454 534.000 | 82 851 186 649.000 | 83 688 843 100.000 | 87 867 095 964.000 | 92 115 208 876.000 | 98 257 275 623.000 | 102 347 209 781.000 | 108 663 043 276.000 | 116 488 683 234.000 | 122 334 234 233.000 | 130 978 742 811.000 | 141 319 778 995.605 | 150 281 957 858.799 | 159 212 068 369.218 |
Prices and deflators | Consumer price index, harmonised | Index, 2021 | | 0.957 | 0.962 | 0.965 | 0.965 | 0.963 | 0.965 | 0.972 | 0.981 | 0.976 | 1.000 | 1.081 | 1.138 | 1.174 | 1.204 |
Core inflation index, harmonised | Index, 2021 | | 0.940 | 0.942 | 0.948 | 0.964 | 0.970 | 0.972 | 0.974 | 0.983 | 0.983 | 1.000 | 1.046 | 1.093 | 1.130 | 1.160 |
Exports of goods and services, deflator (national accounts basis) | Index, 2021 | | 0.935 | 0.922 | 0.930 | 1.022 | 0.990 | 0.978 | 0.991 | 1.005 | 0.985 | 0.998 | 1.048 | 1.067 | 1.077 | 1.095 |
Gross domestic product, market prices, deflator | Index, 2021 | | 0.849 | 0.855 | 0.861 | 0.952 | 0.949 | 0.956 | 0.967 | 0.997 | 0.993 | 0.999 | 1.065 | 1.103 | 1.129 | 1.157 |
Imports of goods and services, deflator (national accounts basis) | Index, 2021 | | 0.930 | 0.925 | 0.950 | 0.969 | 0.949 | 0.965 | 0.982 | 0.995 | 0.975 | 0.998 | 1.044 | 1.046 | 1.061 | 1.075 |
Purchasing power parity, national currency per USD | Euro | | 0.823 | 0.811 | 0.819 | 0.810 | 0.794 | 0.794 | 0.792 | 0.806 | 0.796 | 0.795 | 0.779 | 0.778 | 0.777 | 0.778 |
Labour markets | Labour force | Persons | | 2 223 250.000 | 2 244 850.000 | 2 255 300.000 | 2 280 875.000 | 2 325 175.000 | 2 349 225.000 | 2 390 450.000 | 2 440 025.000 | 2 393 075.000 | 2 547 000.000 | 2 667 050.000 | 2 751 489.558 | 2 791 587.306 | 2 831 372.767 |
Total employment (labour force survey basis) | Persons | | 1 879 875.000 | 1 936 800.000 | 1 988 325.000 | 2 055 625.000 | 2 131 000.000 | 2 191 475.000 | 2 252 650.000 | 2 319 175.000 | 2 253 850.000 | 2 389 575.000 | 2 547 825.000 | 2 631 657.136 | 2 660 639.008 | 2 701 032.451 |
Unemployment rate | Percentage | | 15.445 | 13.723 | 11.838 | 9.876 | 8.351 | 6.715 | 5.765 | 4.953 | 5.818 | 6.181 | 4.470 | 4.355 | 4.691 | 4.603 |
Monetary data | Long-term interest rate on government bonds | Percentage | | 6.172 | 3.790 | 2.368 | 1.183 | 0.736 | 0.802 | 0.951 | 0.332 | -0.060 | 0.063 | 1.746 | 2.934 | 3.859 | 3.940 |
Short-term interest rate | Percentage | | 0.573 | 0.221 | 0.210 | -0.019 | -0.264 | -0.329 | -0.322 | -0.356 | -0.425 | -0.549 | 0.342 | 3.386 | 3.777 | 3.527 |