External sectors, trade and payments | Current account balance as a percentage of GDP | Percentage |  | -3.289 | -4.775 | -5.150 | -5.069 | -5.486 | -3.609 | -4.071 | -2.829 | -3.200 | -2.004 | -4.781 | -3.513 | -3.501 |
Exchange rate, national currency per USD | Pound Sterling |  | 0.631 | 0.640 | 0.607 | 0.654 | 0.741 | 0.777 | 0.750 | 0.784 | 0.780 | 0.727 | 0.821 | 0.894 | 0.894 |
Exchange rate, USD per national currency | US Dollar |  | 1.585 | 1.564 | 1.647 | 1.528 | 1.355 | 1.289 | 1.335 | 1.277 | 1.283 | 1.376 | 1.224 | 1.118 | 1.118 |
Exports of goods and services, volume in USD (national accounts basis) | US Dollar, 2015 |  | 769 559 835 660.234 | 771 157 178 546.830 | 779 872 152 583.017 | 810 970 044 700.143 | 837 074 731 471.511 | 894 365 828 101.832 | 922 537 270 027.058 | 938 360 486 967.492 | 824 970 600 865.695 | 822 490 762 916.648 | 902 001 152 582.140 | 951 465 769 749.505 | 966 735 148 502.845 |
Goods and services trade, volume in USD | US Dollar, 2015 |  | 761 847 731 722.714 | 775 780 388 870.185 | 799 363 130 038.332 | 835 192 573 475.257 | 865 341 054 787.421 | 908 918 361 318.033 | 938 413 560 948.763 | 958 745 235 839.436 | 823 479 250 650.457 | 833 668 693 703.607 | 925 877 115 009.956 | 948 300 172 958.543 | 967 690 112 496.134 |
Imports of goods and services, volume in USD (national accounts basis) | US Dollar, 2015 |  | 754 135 627 785.195 | 780 403 599 193.539 | 818 854 107 493.646 | 859 415 102 250.371 | 893 607 378 103.330 | 923 470 894 534.235 | 954 289 851 870.469 | 979 129 984 711.379 | 821 987 900 435.219 | 844 846 624 490.566 | 949 753 077 437.772 | 945 134 576 167.580 | 968 645 076 489.423 |
Government accounts | General government gross financial assets as a percentage of GDP | Percentage |  | 37.994 | 35.511 | 35.077 | 33.991 | 34.163 | 34.150 | 33.926 | 34.039 | 40.512 | 38.755 | 38.755 | 38.755 | 38.755 |
General government gross financial liabilities as a percentage of GDP | Ratio |  | 107.492 | 103.304 | 113.282 | 112.688 | 119.593 | 119.883 | 116.574 | 119.418 | 151.975 | 145.637 | 142.606 | 145.940 | 149.949 |
General government net lending as a percentage of GDP | Percentage |  | -8.117 | -5.486 | -5.535 | -4.539 | -3.300 | -2.420 | -2.178 | -2.461 | -13.095 | -8.182 | -6.229 | -7.601 | -6.803 |
General government primary balance as a percentage of GDP | Percentage |  | -5.596 | -2.999 | -3.178 | -2.532 | -1.141 | -0.014 | -0.018 | -0.584 | -11.446 | -5.734 | -2.367 | -3.383 | -2.324 |
Gross public debt, Maastricht criterion as a percentage of GDP | Percentage |  | 83.090 | 84.063 | 86.069 | 86.658 | 86.569 | 85.642 | 85.154 | 84.485 | 104.573 | 98.235 | 95.204 | 98.538 | 102.547 |
Expenditure and GDP | Change in inventories, contributions to changes in real GDP | Percentage, 2018 |  | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.010 | -0.006 | -0.009 | -0.005 | 0.002 | 0.001 | -0.007 | 0.012 | 0.010 | -0.022 | 0.000 |
Exports of goods and services, volume (national accounts basis) | Pound Sterling, 2018 |  | 573 794 000 000.000 | 574 985 000 000.000 | 581 483 000 000.000 | 604 670 000 000.000 | 624 134 000 000.000 | 666 851 000 000.000 | 687 856 000 000.000 | 699 654 000 000.000 | 615 109 000 000.000 | 613 260 000 000.000 | 672 543 999 000.000 | 709 425 472 314.652 | 720 810 523 231.293 |
Government final consumption expenditure, volume | Pound Sterling, 2018 |  | 389 496 000 000.000 | 389 323 000 000.000 | 397 730 000 000.000 | 402 467 000 000.000 | 405 583 000 000.000 | 407 301 000 000.000 | 408 625 000 000.000 | 425 579 000 000.000 | 394 460 000 000.000 | 444 283 000 000.000 | 451 259 945 945.469 | 461 818 741 688.215 | 464 636 382 082.777 |
Gross capital formation, total, volume | Pound Sterling, 2018 |  | 315 249 158 992.577 | 338 714 299 210.782 | 381 593 002 745.871 | 392 668 341 537.648 | 391 448 229 789.444 | 395 183 926 793.558 | 398 764 644 727.679 | 408 876 000 000.000 | 351 758 266 829.291 | 394 933 990 561.158 | 438 226 216 997.207 | 394 162 101 990.429 | 399 125 345 607.010 |
Gross domestic product, nominal value, market prices | Pound Sterling |  | 1 713 241 000 000.000 | 1 782 296 000 000.000 | 1 862 827 000 000.000 | 1 920 998 000 000.000 | 1 999 461 000 000.000 | 2 085 008 000 000.000 | 2 157 410 000 000.000 | 2 238 348 000 000.000 | 2 109 594 000 000.000 | 2 276 715 000 000.000 | 2 492 659 897 475.060 | 2 599 466 714 498.300 | 2 669 048 513 336.510 |
Gross domestic product, volume in USD, at constant purchasing power parities | US Dollar, 2015 |  | 2 578 018 668 753.250 | 2 624 935 086 107.590 | 2 708 925 203 309.280 | 2 773 752 578 828.620 | 2 833 810 042 636.700 | 2 903 056 187 167.560 | 2 952 553 905 436.740 | 2 999 921 983 439.220 | 2 669 004 835 163.350 | 2 869 845 057 017.280 | 2 996 867 581 908.730 | 2 984 499 442 824.290 | 2 990 768 841 894.520 |
Gross domestic product, volume in USD, constant exchange rates | US Dollar, 2015 |  | 2 728 130 964 664.030 | 2 777 779 220 701.450 | 2 866 659 895 710.100 | 2 935 262 025 188.760 | 2 998 816 501 601.160 | 3 072 094 695 187.550 | 3 124 474 555 553.600 | 3 174 600 771 434.600 | 2 824 415 053 273.640 | 3 036 949 754 759.990 | 3 171 368 518 893.210 | 3 158 280 210 565.390 | 3 164 914 662 806.030 |
Gross domestic product, volume, market prices | Pound Sterling, 2018 |  | 1 923 551 000 000.000 | 1 958 557 000 000.000 | 2 021 225 000 000.000 | 2 069 595 000 000.000 | 2 114 406 000 000.000 | 2 166 073 000 000.000 | 2 203 005 000 000.000 | 2 238 348 000 000.000 | 1 991 439 000 000.000 | 2 141 293 000 000.000 | 2 236 069 002 881.170 | 2 226 840 696 433.140 | 2 231 518 517 038.980 |
Gross fixed capital formation, total, volume | Pound Sterling, 2018 |  | 311 133 000 000.000 | 321 785 000 000.000 | 343 158 000 000.000 | 365 569 000 000.000 | 383 449 000 000.000 | 396 907 000 000.000 | 395 967 000 000.000 | 403 365 000 000.000 | 361 002 000 000.000 | 381 082 000 000.000 | 402 242 874 734.259 | 406 107 146 975.365 | 411 398 925 473.024 |
Imports of goods and services, volume (national accounts basis) | Pound Sterling, 2018 |  | 566 722 000 000.000 | 586 462 000 000.000 | 615 357 000 000.000 | 645 838 000 000.000 | 671 533 000 000.000 | 693 975 000 000.000 | 717 135 000 000.000 | 735 802 000 000.000 | 617 712 000 000.000 | 634 890 000 000.000 | 713 725 679 732.772 | 710 254 942 931.048 | 727 922 743 353.800 |
Net exports, contributions to changes in real GDP | Percentage, 2018 |  | -0.004 | -0.010 | -0.012 | -0.004 | -0.003 | 0.009 | -0.001 | -0.003 | 0.015 | -0.009 | -0.009 | 0.019 | -0.004 |
Private final consumption expenditure, volume | Pound Sterling, 2018 |  | 1 209 292 858 976.990 | 1 240 945 861 387.350 | 1 276 679 222 185.870 | 1 316 662 368 603.780 | 1 364 270 323 536.010 | 1 390 689 780 486.710 | 1 424 926 510 038.880 | 1 440 041 000 000.000 | 1 250 237 970 488.660 | 1 328 146 433 021.150 | 1 390 765 495 570.170 | 1 376 014 056 007.580 | 1 380 518 823 167.090 |
Selected variables: ready-made growth rates | Exports of goods and services, volume, growth (national accounts basis) | Percentage, 2018 |  | 0.804 | 0.208 | 1.130 | 3.988 | 3.219 | 6.844 | 3.150 | 1.715 | -12.084 | -0.301 | 9.667 | 5.484 | 1.605 |
Government final consumption expenditure, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 |  | 1.376 | -0.044 | 2.159 | 1.191 | 0.774 | 0.424 | 0.325 | 4.149 | -7.312 | 12.631 | 1.570 | 2.340 | 0.610 |
Gross domestic product, market prices, deflator, growth | Percentage, 2018 |  | 1.476 | 2.171 | 1.278 | 0.713 | 1.879 | 1.791 | 1.738 | 2.113 | 5.933 | 0.369 | 4.844 | 4.717 | 2.462 |
Gross domestic product, nominal value, growth | Percentage |  | 2.946 | 4.031 | 4.518 | 3.123 | 4.084 | 4.279 | 3.473 | 3.752 | -5.752 | 7.922 | 9.485 | 4.285 | 2.677 |
Gross domestic product, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 |  | 1.448 | 1.820 | 3.200 | 2.393 | 2.165 | 2.444 | 1.705 | 1.604 | -11.031 | 7.525 | 4.426 | -0.413 | 0.210 |
Gross fixed capital formation, total, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 |  | 0.763 | 3.424 | 6.642 | 6.531 | 4.891 | 3.510 | -0.237 | 1.868 | -10.502 | 5.562 | 5.553 | 0.961 | 1.303 |
Harmonised core inflation | Percentage, 2018 |  | 2.343 | 2.071 | 1.644 | 1.095 | 1.325 | 2.385 | 2.048 | 1.747 | 1.392 | 2.396 | 6.243 | 6.386 | 3.394 |
Harmonised headline inflation | Percentage, 2018 |  | 2.801 | 2.568 | 1.472 | 0.050 | 0.642 | 2.691 | 2.475 | 1.778 | 0.881 | 2.582 | 8.874 | 6.615 | 3.309 |
Imports of goods and services, volume, growth (national accounts basis) | Percentage, 2018 |  | 1.967 | 3.483 | 4.927 | 4.953 | 3.979 | 3.342 | 3.337 | 2.603 | -16.049 | 2.781 | 12.417 | -0.486 | 2.488 |
Private final consumption expenditure, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 |  | 1.713 | 2.617 | 2.880 | 3.132 | 3.616 | 1.937 | 2.462 | 1.061 | -13.180 | 6.231 | 4.715 | -1.061 | 0.327 |
Household sector accounts | Gross disposable income of household and non-profit institutions serving households | Pound Sterling |  | 1 130 021 000 000.000 | 1 178 514 000 000.000 | 1 219 897 000 000.000 | 1 291 873 000 000.000 | 1 316 332 000 000.000 | 1 352 602 000 000.000 | 1 408 856 000 000.000 | 1 462 280 000 000.000 | 1 458 030 000 000.000 | 1 511 735 000 000.000 | 1 597 050 302 045.980 | 1 670 334 438 998.100 | 1 719 336 318 621.440 |
Prices and deflators | Consumer price index, harmonised | Index, 2018 |  | 0.891 | 0.914 | 0.927 | 0.928 | 0.934 | 0.959 | 0.983 | 1.000 | 1.009 | 1.035 | 1.127 | 1.201 | 1.241 |
Core inflation index, harmonised | Index, 2018 |  | 0.885 | 0.903 | 0.918 | 0.928 | 0.941 | 0.963 | 0.983 | 1.000 | 1.014 | 1.038 | 1.103 | 1.173 | 1.213 |
Exports of goods and services, deflator (national accounts basis) | Index, 2018 |  | 0.907 | 0.931 | 0.909 | 0.878 | 0.918 | 0.959 | 0.980 | 1.000 | 1.003 | 1.038 | 1.161 | 1.215 | 1.240 |
Gross domestic product, market prices, deflator | Index, 2018 |  | 0.891 | 0.910 | 0.922 | 0.928 | 0.946 | 0.963 | 0.979 | 1.000 | 1.059 | 1.063 | 1.115 | 1.167 | 1.196 |
Imports of goods and services, deflator (national accounts basis) | Index, 2018 |  | 0.953 | 0.961 | 0.922 | 0.871 | 0.911 | 0.965 | 0.986 | 1.000 | 0.986 | 1.030 | 1.212 | 1.300 | 1.337 |
Purchasing power parity, national currency per USD | Pound Sterling |  | 0.702 | 0.695 | 0.698 | 0.693 | 0.689 | 0.685 | 0.688 | 0.688 | 0.689 | 0.693 | 0.691 | 0.689 | 0.689 |
Labour markets | Labour force | Persons |  | 32 268 000.000 | 32 517 250.000 | 32 779 250.000 | 33 065 250.000 | 33 376 750.000 | 33 533 250.000 | 33 819 250.000 | 34 104 250.000 | 34 060 250.000 | 33 931 000.000 | 34 006 057.656 | 34 351 514.149 | 34 660 032.881 |
Total employment (labour force survey basis) | Persons |  | 29 697 000.000 | 30 043 250.000 | 30 753 500.000 | 31 284 750.000 | 31 743 500.000 | 32 057 000.000 | 32 439 250.000 | 32 798 750.000 | 32 509 000.000 | 32 406 750.000 | 32 734 111.054 | 32 857 853.111 | 32 980 418.114 |
Unemployment rate | Percentage |  | 7.968 | 7.608 | 6.180 | 5.385 | 4.893 | 4.402 | 4.081 | 3.828 | 4.554 | 4.492 | 3.740 | 4.348 | 4.846 |
Monetary data | Long-term interest rate on government bonds | Percentage |  | 1.918 | 2.390 | 2.569 | 1.901 | 1.305 | 1.236 | 1.461 | 0.936 | 0.374 | 0.788 | 2.377 | 4.137 | 4.186 |
Short-term interest rate | Percentage |  | 0.827 | 0.513 | 0.543 | 0.574 | 0.499 | 0.359 | 0.723 | 0.808 | 0.295 | 0.090 | 1.951 | 4.323 | 4.407 |