External sectors, trade and payments | Current account balance as a percentage of GDP | Percentage |  | -3.477 | -4.770 | -5.111 | -5.165 | -5.326 | -3.631 | -3.878 | -2.668 | -2.592 | -2.840 | -3.522 | -3.505 |
Exchange rate, national currency per USD | Pound Sterling |  | 0.631 | 0.640 | 0.607 | 0.654 | 0.741 | 0.777 | 0.750 | 0.784 | 0.780 | 0.725 | 0.737 | 0.737 |
Exchange rate, USD per national currency | US Dollar |  | 1.585 | 1.564 | 1.647 | 1.528 | 1.355 | 1.289 | 1.335 | 1.277 | 1.283 | 1.379 | 1.356 | 1.356 |
Exports of goods and services, volume in USD (national accounts basis) | US Dollar, 2015 |  | 761 723 822 647.546 | 768 340 737 475.605 | 774 628 339 798.620 | 803 790 495 356.573 | 830 650 129 877.239 | 877 612 492 944.643 | 901 981 618 317.855 | 932 274 369 034.824 | 795 345 696 138.172 | 775 661 694 763.018 | 815 483 716 730.761 | 845 434 064 729.355 |
Goods and services trade, volume in USD | US Dollar, 2015 |  | 755 605 928 957.995 | 770 561 819 345.908 | 791 855 714 469.354 | 826 638 392 384.551 | 855 071 015 688.604 | 891 405 456 972.232 | 917 493 709 260.680 | 946 292 337 996.135 | 797 329 060 153.233 | 793 760 040 460.496 | 846 314 462 399.397 | 881 230 445 879.812 |
Imports of goods and services, volume in USD (national accounts basis) | US Dollar, 2015 |  | 749 488 035 268.442 | 772 782 901 216.211 | 809 083 089 140.088 | 849 486 289 412.530 | 879 491 901 499.970 | 905 198 420 999.822 | 933 005 800 203.505 | 960 310 306 957.447 | 799 312 424 168.294 | 811 858 386 157.974 | 877 145 208 068.032 | 917 026 827 030.269 |
Government accounts | General government gross financial assets as a percentage of GDP | Percentage |  | 37.815 | 35.296 | 34.827 | 33.741 | 33.872 | 33.952 | 33.661 | 33.784 | 45.245 | 45.245 | 45.245 | 45.245 |
General government gross financial liabilities as a percentage of GDP | Ratio |  | 106.985 | 102.678 | 112.477 | 111.860 | 118.574 | 119.189 | 115.664 | 118.521 | 154.417 | 155.602 | 153.622 | 153.059 |
General government net lending as a percentage of GDP | Percentage |  | -8.106 | -5.484 | -5.510 | -4.531 | -3.267 | -2.426 | -2.197 | -2.289 | -12.881 | -9.066 | -5.387 | -3.965 |
General government primary balance as a percentage of GDP | Percentage |  | -5.597 | -3.012 | -3.169 | -2.539 | -1.127 | -0.033 | -0.055 | -0.434 | -11.270 | -6.916 | -3.159 | -1.796 |
Gross public debt, Maastricht criterion as a percentage of GDP | Percentage |  | 82.698 | 83.554 | 85.457 | 86.022 | 85.832 | 85.146 | 84.490 | 83.850 | 102.319 | 103.504 | 101.524 | 100.961 |
Expenditure and GDP | Change in inventories, contributions to changes in real GDP | Percentage, 2018 |  | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.010 | -0.006 | -0.011 | -0.003 | 0.002 | -0.001 | -0.005 | 0.015 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Exports of goods and services, volume (national accounts basis) | Pound Sterling, 2018 |  | 571 329 000 000.000 | 576 292 000 000.000 | 581 008 000 000.000 | 602 881 000 000.000 | 623 027 000 000.000 | 658 251 000 000.000 | 676 529 000 000.000 | 699 250 000 000.000 | 596 547 000 000.000 | 581 783 065 241.366 | 611 651 470 708.496 | 634 115 652 427.552 |
Government final consumption expenditure, volume | Pound Sterling, 2018 |  | 388 867 000 000.000 | 388 365 000 000.000 | 395 967 000 000.000 | 401 060 000 000.000 | 403 165 000 000.000 | 405 387 000 000.000 | 406 903 000 000.000 | 424 006 000 000.000 | 397 141 000 000.000 | 460 053 737 136.221 | 477 849 289 835.821 | 482 949 440 963.288 |
Gross capital formation, total, volume | Pound Sterling, 2018 |  | 321 195 126 093.825 | 344 418 003 500.337 | 388 269 053 514.008 | 397 943 988 427.032 | 392 502 415 353.437 | 397 758 708 387.792 | 402 113 476 526.197 | 402 888 000 000.000 | 355 038 144 946.674 | 404 025 932 214.902 | 421 122 428 759.635 | 432 165 853 985.595 |
Gross domestic product, nominal value, market prices | Pound Sterling |  | 1 721 355 000 000.000 | 1 793 155 000 000.000 | 1 876 162 000 000.000 | 1 935 212 000 000.000 | 2 016 638 000 000.000 | 2 097 143 000 000.000 | 2 174 380 000 000.000 | 2 255 283 000 000.000 | 2 156 073 000 000.000 | 2 323 811 552 010.180 | 2 490 046 921 098.920 | 2 598 620 452 772.060 |
Gross domestic product, volume in USD, at constant purchasing power parities | US Dollar, 2015 |  | 2 594 792 544 643.260 | 2 643 834 599 472.230 | 2 722 916 049 726.610 | 2 794 327 155 690.480 | 2 857 575 731 365.790 | 2 918 569 346 191.270 | 2 966 752 750 447.530 | 3 016 355 201 834.080 | 2 723 955 257 662.740 | 2 912 489 745 433.210 | 3 050 800 209 261.640 | 3 114 002 853 642.250 |
Gross domestic product, volume in USD, constant exchange rates | US Dollar, 2015 |  | 2 745 881 546 058.250 | 2 797 779 210 714.970 | 2 881 465 398 012.420 | 2 957 034 613 923.190 | 3 023 966 013 552.740 | 3 088 511 150 975.150 | 3 139 500 167 745.170 | 3 191 990 859 605.210 | 2 882 565 116 716.420 | 3 082 077 548 580.460 | 3 228 441 523 240.890 | 3 295 324 317 098.570 |
Gross domestic product, volume, market prices | Pound Sterling, 2018 |  | 1 940 087 000 000.000 | 1 976 755 000 000.000 | 2 035 883 000 000.000 | 2 089 276 000 000.000 | 2 136 566 000 000.000 | 2 182 170 000 000.000 | 2 218 196 000 000.000 | 2 255 283 000 000.000 | 2 036 660 000 000.000 | 2 177 624 374 793.760 | 2 281 037 009 222.460 | 2 328 292 667 090.590 |
Gross fixed capital formation, total, volume | Pound Sterling, 2018 |  | 313 355 000 000.000 | 323 638 000 000.000 | 345 715 000 000.000 | 367 634 000 000.000 | 384 994 000 000.000 | 397 688 000 000.000 | 397 436 000 000.000 | 399 609 000 000.000 | 363 381 000 000.000 | 379 977 916 961.309 | 396 080 147 953.565 | 407 393 825 350.859 |
Imports of goods and services, volume (national accounts basis) | Pound Sterling, 2018 |  | 561 886 000 000.000 | 579 350 000 000.000 | 606 564 000 000.000 | 636 854 000 000.000 | 659 349 000 000.000 | 678 621 000 000.000 | 699 468 000 000.000 | 719 938 000 000.000 | 599 239 000 000.000 | 608 644 620 993.014 | 657 589 700 153.104 | 687 488 674 249.721 |
Net exports, contributions to changes in real GDP | Percentage, 2018 |  | -0.005 | -0.007 | -0.012 | -0.004 | -0.001 | 0.007 | -0.001 | 0.001 | 0.008 | -0.011 | -0.008 | -0.003 |
Private final consumption expenditure, volume | Pound Sterling, 2018 |  | 1 219 397 881 625.330 | 1 247 859 808 843.540 | 1 280 681 929 590.200 | 1 326 789 075 149.610 | 1 375 628 221 938.620 | 1 398 037 159 919.840 | 1 430 993 261 513.970 | 1 449 077 000 000.000 | 1 290 903 579 771.040 | 1 338 404 991 812.970 | 1 426 857 496 425.530 | 1 466 883 231 560.200 |
Selected variables: ready-made growth rates | Exports of goods and services, volume, growth (national accounts basis) | Percentage, 2018 |  | 0.647 | 0.869 | 0.818 | 3.765 | 3.342 | 5.654 | 2.777 | 3.358 | -14.688 | -2.475 | 5.134 | 3.673 |
Government final consumption expenditure, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 |  | 1.159 | -0.129 | 1.957 | 1.286 | 0.525 | 0.551 | 0.374 | 4.203 | -6.336 | 15.841 | 3.868 | 1.067 |
Gross domestic product, market prices, deflator, growth | Percentage, 2018 |  | 1.612 | 2.239 | 1.590 | 0.511 | 1.901 | 1.819 | 1.999 | 2.015 | 5.863 | 0.803 | 2.296 | 2.242 |
Gross domestic product, nominal value, growth | Percentage |  | 3.105 | 4.171 | 4.629 | 3.147 | 4.208 | 3.992 | 3.683 | 3.721 | -4.399 | 7.780 | 7.154 | 4.360 |
Gross domestic product, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 |  | 1.470 | 1.890 | 2.991 | 2.623 | 2.263 | 2.134 | 1.651 | 1.672 | -9.694 | 6.921 | 4.749 | 2.072 |
Gross fixed capital formation, total, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 |  | 1.523 | 3.282 | 6.822 | 6.340 | 4.722 | 3.297 | -0.063 | 0.547 | -9.066 | 4.567 | 4.238 | 2.856 |
Harmonised core inflation | Percentage, 2018 |  | 2.343 | 2.071 | 1.644 | 1.095 | 1.325 | 2.385 | 2.048 | 1.747 | 1.392 | 2.264 | 3.335 | 2.289 |
Harmonised headline inflation | Percentage, 2018 |  | 2.801 | 2.568 | 1.472 | 0.050 | 0.642 | 2.691 | 2.475 | 1.778 | 0.881 | 2.402 | 4.390 | 2.426 |
Imports of goods and services, volume, growth (national accounts basis) | Percentage, 2018 |  | 2.076 | 3.108 | 4.697 | 4.994 | 3.532 | 2.923 | 3.072 | 2.927 | -16.765 | 1.570 | 8.042 | 4.547 |
Private final consumption expenditure, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 |  | 1.783 | 2.334 | 2.630 | 3.600 | 3.681 | 1.629 | 2.357 | 1.264 | -10.915 | 3.680 | 6.609 | 2.805 |
Household sector accounts | Gross disposable income of household and non-profit institutions serving households | Pound Sterling |  | 1 162 180 000 000.000 | 1 207 906 000 000.000 | 1 247 703 000 000.000 | 1 323 655 000 000.000 | 1 344 974 000 000.000 | 1 381 058 000 000.000 | 1 448 291 000 000.000 | 1 487 132 000 000.000 | 1 493 437 000 000.000 | 1 548 796 098 335.520 | 1 615 879 933 185.840 | 1 677 385 762 357.900 |
Prices and deflators | Consumer price index, harmonised | Index, 2018 |  | 0.891 | 0.914 | 0.927 | 0.928 | 0.934 | 0.959 | 0.983 | 1.000 | 1.009 | 1.033 | 1.078 | 1.105 |
Core inflation index, harmonised | Index, 2018 |  | 0.885 | 0.903 | 0.918 | 0.928 | 0.941 | 0.963 | 0.983 | 1.000 | 1.014 | 1.037 | 1.071 | 1.096 |
Exports of goods and services, deflator (national accounts basis) | Index, 2018 |  | 0.902 | 0.926 | 0.908 | 0.873 | 0.913 | 0.957 | 0.980 | 1.000 | 1.007 | 1.040 | 1.054 | 1.070 |
Gross domestic product, market prices, deflator | Index, 2018 |  | 0.887 | 0.907 | 0.922 | 0.926 | 0.944 | 0.961 | 0.980 | 1.000 | 1.059 | 1.067 | 1.092 | 1.116 |
Imports of goods and services, deflator (national accounts basis) | Index, 2018 |  | 0.955 | 0.962 | 0.924 | 0.873 | 0.913 | 0.968 | 0.989 | 1.000 | 0.996 | 1.022 | 1.035 | 1.044 |
Purchasing power parity, national currency per USD | Pound Sterling |  | 0.702 | 0.695 | 0.698 | 0.693 | 0.689 | 0.685 | 0.684 | 0.684 | 0.700 | 0.680 | 0.674 | 0.674 |
Labour markets | Labour force | Persons |  | 32 268 000.000 | 32 517 250.000 | 32 779 250.000 | 33 065 250.000 | 33 376 750.000 | 33 533 250.000 | 33 819 250.000 | 34 104 250.000 | 34 079 250.000 | 33 930 649.078 | 34 188 501.956 | 34 398 017.593 |
Total employment (labour force survey basis) | Persons |  | 29 697 000.000 | 30 043 250.000 | 30 753 500.000 | 31 284 750.000 | 31 743 500.000 | 32 057 000.000 | 32 439 250.000 | 32 798 750.000 | 32 529 000.000 | 32 390 556.512 | 32 732 886.323 | 32 950 709.474 |
Unemployment rate | Percentage |  | 7.968 | 7.608 | 6.180 | 5.385 | 4.893 | 4.402 | 4.081 | 3.828 | 4.549 | 4.539 | 4.258 | 4.208 |
Monetary data | Long-term interest rate on government bonds | Percentage |  | 1.918 | 2.390 | 2.569 | 1.901 | 1.305 | 1.236 | 1.461 | 0.936 | 0.374 | 0.768 | 0.976 | 1.200 |
Short-term interest rate | Percentage |  | 0.827 | 0.513 | 0.543 | 0.574 | 0.499 | 0.359 | 0.723 | 0.808 | 0.295 | 0.099 | 0.345 | 0.510 |