Joint OECD-Eurostat international data collection on resources devoted to RD
9 October 2023
The R&D data used in this publication have been collected and presented in line with the standard OECD methodology for R&D statistics as laid out in the OECD “Frascati Manual” (see http//oe.cd/Frascati). The 2002 edition of the manual has now been superseded by the 2015 edition. The revised guidelines and definitions are in the course of being implemented and are not expected to change the main indicators significantly although some terminology changes will occur. This edition of RDS has been compiled in accordance with the 2015 Frascati Manual, some countries may still be following the 2002 edition for certain series or datapoints.
1981 onward.
Data are provided in million national currency (for the euro zone, pre-EMU euro or EUR), million current PPP USD and million constant USD (2015 prices and PPPs).
This table contains research and development (R&D) expenditure statistics. Data include gross domestic R&D expenditure by sector of performance (business enterprise, government, higher education, private non-profit, and total intramural) and by source of funds (business enterprise, government - including public general university funds -, higher education, private non-profit and funds from the rest of the World - including funds from enterprises and other funds from the rest of the World).
In response to Russia's large-scale aggression against Ukraine, the OECD Council decided on 8 March 2022 to immediately suspend the participation of Russia and Belarus in OECD bodies. In view of this decision, the OECD suspended its solicitation of official statistics on R&D from Russian authorities, leading to the absence of more recent R&D statistics for this country in the OECD database, while previously compiled data are still available.
In the April 2023 edition, the OECD suppressed and put on hold the publication of several R&D indicators for China because of concerns about the coherence of expenditure and personnel data. Chinese officials have since confirmed errors in the business R&D data submitted to OECD in February 2023 and revised figures subsequently. China provided additional explanations on the growth rates in the higher education and government sectors in 2019, as well as the discrepancies between personnel and expenditure trends in both sectors. Total estimates of GERD and its institutional sector components (BERD, HERD, GOVERD) for 2019 to 2021 have not been modified by China and have been published as reported to OECD. The OECD continues to encourage China and other non member economies to engage in comprehensive reporting of R&D statistics and metadata.
Mexico clarified that the biennial National Survey on Research and Technological Development (ESIDET) has not been conducted since 2017 and data reported to OECD had been extrapolated. Accordingly, the OECD decided to suppress R&D estimates from Mexico from reference year 2018 until further confirmation that data collection and estimation procedures consistent with Frascati Manual guidance have been resumed.
OECD COUNTRIES :
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
NON-MEMBER ECONOMIES :
Argentina, China, Romania, Russian Federation, Singapore, South Africa, and Chinese Taipei.
Joint OECD-Eurostat international data collection on resources devoted to RD
Data are provided in million national currency (for the euro zone, pre-EMU euro or EUR), million current PPP USD and million constant USD (2015 prices and PPPs).
This table contains research and development (R&D) expenditure statistics. Data include gross domestic R&D expenditure by sector of performance (business enterprise, government, higher education, private non-profit, and total intramural) and by source of funds (business enterprise, government - including public general university funds -, higher education, private non-profit and funds from the rest of the World - including funds from enterprises and other funds from the rest of the World).
In response to Russia's large-scale aggression against Ukraine, the OECD Council decided on 8 March 2022 to immediately suspend the participation of Russia and Belarus in OECD bodies. In view of this decision, the OECD suspended its solicitation of official statistics on R&D from Russian authorities, leading to the absence of more recent R&D statistics for this country in the OECD database, while previously compiled data are still available.
In the April 2023 edition, the OECD suppressed and put on hold the publication of several R&D indicators for China because of concerns about the coherence of expenditure and personnel data. Chinese officials have since confirmed errors in the business R&D data submitted to OECD in February 2023 and revised figures subsequently. China provided additional explanations on the growth rates in the higher education and government sectors in 2019, as well as the discrepancies between personnel and expenditure trends in both sectors. Total estimates of GERD and its institutional sector components (BERD, HERD, GOVERD) for 2019 to 2021 have not been modified by China and have been published as reported to OECD. The OECD continues to encourage China and other non member economies to engage in comprehensive reporting of R&D statistics and metadata.
Mexico clarified that the biennial National Survey on Research and Technological Development (ESIDET) has not been conducted since 2017 and data reported to OECD had been extrapolated. Accordingly, the OECD decided to suppress R&D estimates from Mexico from reference year 2018 until further confirmation that data collection and estimation procedures consistent with Frascati Manual guidance have been resumed.
1981 onward.
9 October 2023
The R&D data used in this publication have been collected and presented in line with the standard OECD methodology for R&D statistics as laid out in the OECD “Frascati Manual” (see http//oe.cd/Frascati). The 2002 edition of the manual has now been superseded by the 2015 edition. The revised guidelines and definitions are in the course of being implemented and are not expected to change the main indicators significantly although some terminology changes will occur. This edition of RDS has been compiled in accordance with the 2015 Frascati Manual, some countries may still be following the 2002 edition for certain series or datapoints.
OECD COUNTRIES :
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
NON-MEMBER ECONOMIES :
Argentina, China, Romania, Russian Federation, Singapore, South Africa, and Chinese Taipei.