Business enterprise R-D personnel by industry

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Business enterprise R-D personnel by industry

Country

Measure

Full-time equivalent on R&D activities Information on item

Occupation criteria

Gender

Total

Unit

Full time equivalent

Year

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Industry

TOTAL BERD

18 738

20 803

20 636

21 025

21 299

22 919

23 742

25 812.1

27 123

26 412.1

24 772

25 108.9

26 507.3

28 391.2

32 209

35 939

37 429.6

40 458

43 686.5

46 461.7

^(a)

50 896.1

53 885.7

57 936

56 510.5

64 905.9

..

78 839.3

..

AGRICULTURE, HUNTING, FORESTRY AND FISHING

..

462.5

515.7

^(a)

570.2

614.9

657.7

590.5

614.3

..

951.1

..

MINING AND QUARRYING

..

^(bs)

589

⁽ⁿ⁾

..

953.7

850

840

1 017.4

1 078.8

1 068.6

951.5

981.4

775

1 194.2

839

751

1 028.9

1 657.7

2 640.2

2 803.8

^(a)

3 305.5

4 427.7

3 834

3 989.9

4 260.8

..

4 122.7

..

MANUFACTURING

..

^(bs)

11 386

^(b)

11 576

..

11 660

12 882

13 609

14 868.7

14 860.4

14 303.5

13 682.5

13 395

13 937.6

14 419.3

15 192

17 494

18 638.4

18 280.7

17 910.9

17 766

^(a)

18 689

17 649.4

17 800.6

18 817.4

18 602.5

..

20 348.9

..

Food, beverages and tobacco

..

^(bs)

836

⁽ⁿ⁾

..

1 002.6

1 141

1 156

1 108

1 321.1

1 330.4

1 057.2

1 134.6

1 120.6

1 133.3

1 434

1 584

1 606.5

1 752.9

1 752.2

1 925.5

^(a)

2 100.9

2 099.5

2 439.4

2 576.2

2 622.2

..

3 124.6

..

Food products and beverages

..

978.9

1 111

1 124

1 078

..

1 599.2

^(x)

..

^(x)

..

^(x)

..

^(x)

..

^(x)

..

^(x)

..

^(x)

..

2 622.2

..

Tobacco products

..

23.7

30

32

30

..

7.3

^(x)

..

^(x)

..

^(x)

..

^(x)

..

^(x)

..

^(x)

..

^(x)

..

Textiles, fur and leather

..

^(bs)

141

⁽ⁿ⁾

..

158.1

148

182

215.2

215.1

193.1

171.6

181.8

194.5

244.7

165

195

247.3

255.3

241.5

210.6

^(a)

202.1

201.5

167.8

255.9

351.2

..

201

..

Textiles

..

110.4

82

99

93.3

98.7

91.5

85.5

92

89.5

121.4

106

121

148

165.6

173

137.4

^(a)

117.5

118.9

85.4

107.8

205.2

..

Wearing apparel and fur

..

27.9

26

39

71.5

63

55.5

55

42.9

59.9

66.2

^(s)

18.9

^(x)

..

36.3

37.6

32.4

37.6

^(a)

43.1

42.6

36.5

38.4

60.4

..

Leather products and footwear

..

19.8

40

44

50.4

53.4

46.1

31.1

46.9

45.1

57.1

^(s)

40.5

^(x)

..

63

52.1

36.1

35.7

^(a)

41.6

40

45.9

109.7

85.6

..

Wood, paper, printing, publishing

..

^(bos)

356

⁽ⁿ⁾

..

314

389

351

430.1

483.3

400.4

437.3

395

533.4

481.4

458

594

716.1

933.2

1 186.1

669

^(a)

807.5

759.8

871.1

900.8

761.2

..

716.7

..

Wood and cork (not furniture)

..

^(bos)

119

..

56.5

61

66

88.1

112.9

122.8

126.3

96

92.5

44.9

46

41

49.2

166.2

190.3

182.8

^(a)

194.8

188.6

184.8

194

151.4

..

Pulp, paper and paper products

..

^(bos)

237

..

239.6

187

164

168

161.6

145.9

147.9

135.2

272.4

297.3

277

318

386.9

283.7

269.3

212.1

^(a)

272.2

220

321.2

318.1

222.5

..

Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media

..

⁽ⁿ⁾

..

17.9

140

121

174

208.8

131.7

163.1

163.9

168.5

139.2

135

235

280

483.3

726.5

274.1

^(a)

340.5

351.2

365.1

388.7

387.3

..

Coke, petroleum, nuclear fuel, chemicals and products, rubber and plastics

..

^(bs)

1 865

^(mb)

1 817

..

2 087.4

2 123

2 140

2 425.1

2 383.5

2 270.1

2 267.5

2 189

2 213.5

2 536.9

2 419

2 532

2 622

2 795.5

2 285.6

2 545.3

^(a)

2 932

2 910.7

2 917.3

3 106.1

3 135.2

..

3 390.8

..

Coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel

..

^(bs)

10

..

24

20

36.4

57.6

34.9

44.1

31.1

25.2

31.8

27

104

124.8

226

89.5

165.1

^(a)

204.6

178.8

176.9

246.6

218.7

..

Coke and nuclear fuel

..

^(x)

..

2.6

^(x)

..

14.2

35.7

^(a)

39.9

43.5

35.2

27.3

10.8

..

Refined petroleum products

..

^(x)

..

122.2

^(x)

..

75.3

129.4

^(a)

164.7

135.3

141.7

219.3

207.9

..

Chemicals and chemical products

..

^(bs)

1 637

..

1 813.8

1 827

1 834

2 061.2

2 006.6

1 969.4

1 961.7

1 898.5

1 910.6

2 208.6

2 048

2 002

2 032.5

2 195.6

1 846.1

1 936.2

^(a)

2 240.6

2 230.1

2 212.2

2 245.5

2 358.9

..

Chemicals and chemical products (less pharmaceuticals)

..

^(bs)

1 025

..

1 099.8

1 145

1 125

1 179.4

1 225.3

1 130.1

1 089.8

904

852.2

1 054.5

1 039

992

966

1 021.2

957

975.8

^(a)

1 153.9

1 152.4

1 135.8

1 264.3

1 377.1

..

Pharmaceuticals

..

^(bs)

612

..

714

682

710

881.8

781.3

839.3

871.9

994

1 058.4

1 154.1

1 009

1 010

1 066.5

1 174.4

889.1

960.4

^(a)

1 086.7

1 077.7

1 076.4

981.2

981.7

..

Rubber and plastic products

..

^(bs)

218

⁽ⁿ⁾

..

249.6

275

286

327.5

319.3

265.8

261.7

260

277.7

296.5

344

426

464.7

373.9

349.9

444

^(a)

486.8

501.8

528.2

614

557.7

..

Non-metallic mineral products

..

^(bs)

206

⁽ⁿ⁾

..

205.3

299

274

426.8

357.1

456.2

433.8

369.1

338

279.4

238

379

356.2

303.7

355.1

359

^(a)

346.7

295.3

365.8

358.5

275

..

556

..

Basic metals

..

^(bs)

962

^(b)

996

..

1 240.8

1 331

1 350

1 465.5

1 530.5

1 264.8

1 086.3

838

722.6

592.3

656

944

650.4

832.6

1 002.8

999.1

^(a)

1 241

1 110.5

636.6

736.5

768.9

..

971.6

..

Basic metals, iron and steel

..

^(bs)

782

..

866.4

886

881

1 006.7

1 070.6

884.5

815

510

372.7

322.7

368

624

328.7

472.5

546.8

547.4

^(a)

712.6

553.9

358.3

333.2

297

..

Basic metals, non-ferrous

..

^(bs)

180

..

374.4

445

470

458.8

459.9

380.3

271.3

328

349.9

269.6

288

320

321.7

360.1

456

451.8

^(a)

528.5

556.6

278.3

403.3

471.8

..

Fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment, instruments and transport

..

^(bs)

6 868

^(mb)

6 511

..

6 445.5

7 305

7 997

8 565

8 369.2

8 189.6

8 018.9

8 086.6

8 585.6

8 917.6

9 639

12 381

12 243.4

11 129.9

10 759

10 884.8

^(a)

10 858.3

10 058.6

10 199

10 645.7

10 415.2

..

11 099

..

Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment

..

^(bs)

383

⁽ⁿ⁾

..

309.3

443

453

554.4

505.6

446

350

384.6

399.3

361

372

561

560.2

737.4

675.8

750.1

^(a)

802.9

735.6

814.4

904

688.5

..

Machinery and equipment, n.e.c.

..

^(bs)

790

^(b)

1 225

..

758.5

885

966

1 091.7

1 269.7

1 284.1

1 185

835

959.6

882.8

1 065

1 238

1 506

1 235

1 173.9

1 328.2

^(a)

1 490.5

1 453

1 441.2

1 487.7

1 458

..

Engines and turbines, except aircraft, vehicle and cycle

..

Special purpose machinery

..

368.9

^(a)

397.7

385.6

379.9

446.4

422.5

..

Machine tools

..

Weapons and ammunition

..

Office, accounting and computing machinery

..

⁽ⁿ⁾

..

⁽ⁿ⁾

..

384

394

467.9

334

279.7

318.4

232

206.1

303.5

378

297

470.3

445.4

349.9

356.9

^(a)

353.9

327.6

191.4

205.3

245

..

Electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c.

..

^(bs)

882

..

874

855

843

892.1

797.1

710.8

676

636.4

601.8

540.5

608

671

871.1

810.7

620.8

534.4

^(a)

523.4

484.9

593.6

549.8

753.7

..

Electrical motors, generators and transformers

..

Electricity distribution and control apparatus (includes semiconductors)

..

Insulated wire and cable (includes optic fibre cables)

..

^(x)

..

16

15.1

13.7

11.3

25.5

^(a)

28.9

49.9

73.6

65.7

44.4

..

Accumulators, primary cells and primary batteries

..

^(x)

..

6

22.4

6.5

^(x)

..

Electric lamps and lighting equipment

..

48

52

41.1

33.3

24.6

62.4

^(a)

58.7

41.8

52.8

62.6

100.4

..

Other electrical equipment n.e.c.

..

271.8

^(a)

264.5

197.3

224.1

168

155.4

..

Radio, TV and communications equipment and apparatus

..

^(bos)

2 536

..

^(o)

2 464.3

2 222

2 532

2 561.1

1 871.2

1 890.5

1 843.9

2 292

2 262.4

2 259.5

2 167

1 039

1 977.8

1 581.3

2 069

1 378.2

^(a)

1 353.8

1 714.6

1 531.6

1 513.4

1 443.8

..

Electronic valves, tubes and components

..

2 398.4

1 088

1 219

1 128.5

1 000.9

998.4

897

1 269

1 186.1

1 049.6

^(s)

977.3

^(s)

978.7

..

TV, radio transmitters and line apparatus

..

65.9

1 135

1 313

1 432.6

870.3

892.1

946.9

1 022

1 076.3

1 209.9

1 211

742

875.7

612.2

1 106.5

435.4

^(a)

478.5

606.8

720.6

670.3

572.9

..

TV and radio receivers, sound and video goods

..

Medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks (instruments)

..

^(bs)

512

..

520

832

894

972.9

1 133.9

872.3

929.1

941.2

1 097.3

1 526.1

1 596

2 033

2 195.7

2 161.8

1 310.4

2 339

^(a)

2 252.3

1 520.9

1 699.3

1 806.9

1 949.9

..

Medical appliances, instruments and control equipment

..

679.3

^(a)

806

765

792.6

802.8

1 062.1

..

Instruments and appliances for measuring, checking, testing, navigating and other purposes, except industrial process control equipment

..

Industrial process control equipment

..

Optical instruments and photographic equipment

..

169

108

111.1

40.5

40.4

58

^(a)

52.1

46.4

44

64.9

122.1

..

Watches and clocks

..

Motor Vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers

..

^(bs)

1 587

^(bo)

1 622

..

1 081

1 122

1 402

1 568

1 913.3

2 192.4

2 276.3

2 327.4

2 670.2

2 664.9

3 062

3 646

3 483

3 354.7

3 268.1

3 025

^(a)

3 130.8

2 884.4

3 048

3 290.2

3 120.7

..

Other Transport Equipment

..

^(bs)

178

⁽ⁿ⁾

..

438.4

562

513

456.9

544.4

513.8

440.2

438.2

388.9

379.3

391

1 110

1 179.3

803.6

1 291.2

1 173.1

^(a)

950.8

937.6

879.5

888.4

755.5

..

Ships and boats

..

^(bs)

23

..

164.6

..

168

253.9

246.8

159.5

248.4

232.6

169

173.5

181

575

498.9

373.6

796.7

443.8

^(a)

356.1

363

373.9

394.7

326.6

..

Railway and tramway locomotives and rolling stock

..

^(x)

..

^(x)

..

334.7

^(x)

..

182.4

^(x)

..

^(x)

..

202.8

133.7

160.5

^(x)

..

Aircraft and spacecraft

..

237.9

211

184

65.5

109.6

52.4

66.3

..

28.7

27

^(x)

..

331.9

63.4

298

569.6

^(a)

368.4

363.9

301.6

242.9

210.3

..

Transport equipment, nec

..

^(bs)

155

..

35.9

..

162

137.5

188

301.9

125.5

..

177.1

^(x)

..

4

13.8

^(x)

..

14.1

^(x)

..

^(x)

..

7.9

70.3

90.3

^(x)

..

Furniture, other manufacturing nec

..

^(mbs)

152

^(bo)

2 252

..

206.3

147

159

233

200.6

198.9

209.9

202

229.4

233.7

183

201

196.5

277.6

328.7

172.6

^(a)

200.6

213.5

203.6

237.7

273.7

..

289.1

..

Furniture

..

⁽ⁿ⁾

..

69.2

81

64

102.3

94.4

75.9

74.2

89.9

89.3

98

^(s)

56.7

50

67.3

49

58.9

71.8

^(a)

63.8

68.5

69.7

90.3

122.7

..

Other manufacturing nec

..

^(bs)

152

^(b)

2 252

..

137.1

66

95

130.7

106.2

123

135.7

112

140.1

135.7

^(s)

115.7

151

129.2

228.6

269.8

100.8

^(a)

136.8

145

133.9

147.4

151

..

Recycling

..

0

..

ELECTRICITY, GAS and WATER SUPPLY

..

^(bs)

278

⁽ⁿ⁾

..

462.2

445

404

367.2

194.9

124.4

113.5

241

155.3

189.7

222

185

180.9

208.6

306.6

381.8

^(a)

360.6

461.8

558.7

622.4

612.8

..

395.4

..

CONSTRUCTION

..

^(bs)

141

⁽ⁿ⁾

..

64.8

85

74

107.8

162.8

214.9

215.7

180

213

189.8

275

675

735.4

911.2

873.9

1 172.7

^(a)

1 931.3

2 464.4

2 157.3

2 500.3

2 475.1

..

2 868.8

..

SERVICES SECTOR

..

^(bs)

7 405

^(bo)

9 059

..

8 157.8

8 657

8 816

9 451

10 826

10 700.7

9 808.8

10 311

11 426

12 398.2

15 681

16 834

16 846

19 399.8

21 492.4

23 821.7

^(a)

26 039.4

28 267.5

32 927.7

29 990

38 340.4

..

50 152.4

..

Wholesale, retail trade and motor vehicle repair

..

1 721

1 725

1 786

1 589.8

2 588.4

2 756.1

2 564

2 379

2 575

2 521

2 731

2 534

3 231.2

3 775.6

4 294.9

4 186

^(a)

4 463

4 497.6

4 174.3

4 008.8

4 140.3

..

5 837.5

..

Hotels and restaurants

..

0

..

0

..

^(x)

..

28.5

56.6

^(x)

..

^(a)

66.7

139.3

114.5

81.3

92.9

..

108

..

Transport, storage and communications

..

^(bs)

932

..

967.1

851

44

..

17

397.4

392.7

275.2

227.1

470

1 188

1 302

933.7

1 004.1

1 480.1

1 684.1

^(a)

1 528.5

1 471.7

1 511.8

1 502.7

1 553.4

..

1 971.5

..

Telecommunications

..

96.5

101.4

76.7

292.4

^(s)

969.9

^(x)

..

720.6

695.5

1 009.9

1 069.3

^(a)

922.8

862

757.8

762.1

787.7

..

Other

..

^(s)

218.1

^(x)

..

213.1

308.6

470.2

614.8

^(a)

605.7

609.7

754

740.6

765.6

..

Financial intermediation (includes insurance)

..

1 445.4

1 486

1 198

978.8

1 218.8

1 138.1

429.7

681.5

952.5

964.7

1 667

2 928

1 776.8

2 600

2 752.4

2 979.8

^(a)

3 863.7

5 717.1

9 721.1

6 123.2

12 590.4

..

14 577.8

..

Real estate, renting and business activities

..

3 891.1

4 474

4 980

5 966.1

6 031.5

6 240.3

6 159.7

6 630

7 329

8 073.5

9 656

9 354

10 541.5

11 532.9

12 296.5

14 308.5

^(a)

15 386.2

15 319.5

16 122.6

16 976

18 381.6

..

25 810.3

..

Computer and related activities

..

1 658.4

2 208

2 570

3 158

3 455.9

3 531.5

3 448.6

3 954

4 470.4

5 053.8

5 410

5 360

5 846.6

6 003.4

6 273.1

7 668.8

^(a)

7 896

7 797.3

8 075.3

8 646.7

8 767.8

..

Software consultancy and supply

..

2 002

2 322

2 925.2

3 196.1

3 235.9

3 128.5

3 734

4 263.3

4 908.5

^(s)

5 340.5

5 134

5 821

..

337.8

^(a)

350.9

291.9

271

284.5

264.9

..

Research and development

..

^(bs)

1 948

..

725.3

812

933.2

973.8

943.6

1 064.5

1 224

1 331.2

1 418.6

1 778

1 732

2 170

2 139.1

2 313.9

2 391.3

^(a)

2 660.5

2 438.3

2 279.2

2 069.8

2 388.1

..

Other business activities

..

1 507.4

1 454

1 599

1 874.9

1 601.8

1 765.2

1 646.6

1 452

1 527.4

1 601.1

2 468

2 262

2 651

..

4 110.6

^(a)

4 611.5

4 839.4

5 336.6

5 839.7

6 879

..

Architectural, engineering and other technical activities

..

1 404

1 451.3

1 699.7

2 088.7

2 710.1

^(a)

2 894.2

2 892.9

3 059.1

3 173.4

3 523.1

..

Community, social and personal service activities, etc.

..

133.2

122

104

187.6

194.9

168.8

262.7

345.4

343.2

369

439

^(x)

..

362.8

458.7

611.9

^(x)

..

^(a)

731.3

1 122.3

1 283.4

1 298

1 581.9

..

1 847.3

..

Legend:

a	Break in series with previous year for which data is available
b	Secretariat estimate or projection based on national sources
m	Underestimated or based on underestimated data
n	Included elsewhere
o	Includes other classes
s	Unrevised breakdown not adding to the revised total
x	Confidential

Data extracted on 19 Apr 2024 21:30 UTC (GMT) from OECD.Stat

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