Population and migration | Population | Total population | Population levels | Inhabitants, Thousands | | 20 697.88 | 21 016 | 21 384 | 21 779 | 22 065 | 22 324 | 22 684 | 22 976.37 |
Population growth rates | Growth rate | | 1.48611 | 1.536969 | 1.751047 | 1.847175 | 1.313192 | 1.173805 | | .. |
Working age population | Percentage | | 67.42197 | 67.50095 | 67.60194 | 67.62019 | 67.53229 | 67.34904 | 67.02522 | .. |
Fertility | Total fertility rates | Children | | 1.82 | 1.92 | 1.96 | 1.9 | 1.89 | 1.88 | .. | .. |
Dependent population | Youth population (under the age of 15) | Percentage | | 19.56937 | 19.37003 | 19.20973 | 19.0743 | 18.94403 | 18.87291 | | 18.69132 |
Elderly population (age 65 and over) | Percentage | | 13.00935 | 13.13223 | 13.18681 | 13.30241 | 13.52821 | 13.77951 | | 14.71892 |
Population by region | Share of national population in the ten per cent of regions with the largest population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 64.47 | .. |
Distribution of the national population into urban regions | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 57.72 | .. |
Distribution of the national population into intermediate regions | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 20.69 | .. |
Distribution of the national population into rural regions | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21.6 | .. |
Distribution of the national area into urban regions | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.39 | .. |
Distribution of the national area into intermediate regions | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.18 | .. |
Distribution of the national area into rural regions | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 95.43 | .. |
Elderly population by region | Elderly population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 13.78 | .. |
Regional elderly population: Maximum | Average growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.13 | .. |
Regional elderly population: Country average | Average growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.25 | .. |
Regional elderly population: Minimum | Average growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | -1.66 | .. |
Elderly dependency rate in urban regions | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 18.69 | .. |
Elderly dependency rate | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 20.46 | .. |
Elderly dependency rate in rural regions | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 24.51 | .. |
International migration | Immigrant and foreign population | Foreign-born population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 26.7 | .. | .. |
Trends in migration | Total | Persons, Thousands | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 219.478 | .. | .. |
Permanent inflows by category of entry: accompanying family of workers | Persons, Thousands | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 57.54485 | .. | .. |
Permanent inflows by category of entry: humanitarian | Persons, Thousands | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 13.976 | .. | .. |
Permanent inflows by category of entry: family | Persons, Thousands | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 54.708 | .. | .. |
Permanent inflows by category of entry: free movements | Persons, Thousands | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 34.567 | .. | .. |
Permanent inflows by category of entry: work | Persons, Thousands | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 56.18015 | .. | .. |
Permanent inflows by category of entry: Other | Persons, Thousands | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.502 | .. | .. |
Migration and employment | Employment rates of native-born population by educational attainment: Total | Percentage | | .. | 77.166 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 77.134 | .. |
Employment rates of foreign-born population by educational attainment: Total | Percentage | | .. | 71.079 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 72.864 | .. |
Migration and unemployment | Unemployment rates of native-born populations: Men | Percentage | | .. | 4.055 | 4.03 | 5.635 | 5.264 | 5.209 | 5.44 | .. |
Unemployment rates of foreign-born populations: Men | Percentage | | .. | 4.334 | 4.175 | 6.495 | 5.09 | 4.612 | 4.903 | .. |
Unemployment rates of native-born populations: Women | Percentage | | .. | 4.608 | 4.424 | 5.021 | 5.222 | 5.194 | 5.226 | .. |
Unemployment rates of foreign-born populations: Women | Percentage | | .. | 5.529 | 5.239 | 6.849 | 6.112 | 5.995 | 5.996 | .. |
Unemployment rates of native-born populations: Total | Percentage | | .. | 4.31 | 4.212 | 5.35 | 5.245 | 5.202 | 5.34 | .. |
Unemployment rates of foreign-born populations: Total | Percentage | | .. | 4.86 | 4.649 | 6.653 | 5.549 | 5.232 | 5.392 | .. |
Production and productivity | Production and Investment | Size of GDP | GDP per capita | US Dollar | | 37 039.14547 | 38 862.42344 | 39 164.63328 | 40 613.19835 | 41 644.96367 | 43 208.08662 | 44 407.02274 | .. |
Evolution of GDP | Real GDP growth | Growth rate | | 3.787990603 | 3.768927133 | 1.648159449 | 2.087575995 | 2.433201512 | 3.364370947 | 3.680949887 | .. |
Investment rates | Gross fixed capital formation | Growth rate | | 5.070439478 | 9.615568093 | 2.103152843 | 1.949011429 | 3.803434407 | 10.0642542 | 8.923443984 | .. |
Productivity | Labour productivity levels | GDP per hour worked | US Dollar | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 53 | .. |
Levels of GDP per capita and labour productivity - Percentage gap with respect to US GDP per capita | Percentage points | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | -13 | .. |
Levels of GDP per capita and labour productivity - Effect of labour utilisation | Percentage points | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | -17 | .. |
Levels of GDP per capita and labour productivity - Percentage gap with respect to US GDP per hour worked | Percentage points | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 | .. |
Labour productivity growth | GDP per Hour Worked | Growth rate | | .. | 1.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.1 | .. |
Labour Utilisation | Growth rate | | .. | -0.6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.3 | .. |
GDP per capita | Growth rate | | .. | 0.8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.5 | .. |
Unit labour costs | Unit labour costs, total economy | Growth rate | | 4.47 | 4.66 | 2.26 | 0.98 | 6.31 | 2.2 | .. | .. |
Labour compensation | Labour compensation per unit labour input, total economy | Growth rate | | 5.44 | 5.51 | 3.16 | 3.13 | 5.91 | 4.35 | .. | .. |
Economic structure | Value added by activity | Value added in agriculture, hunting and forestry, fishing | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.363409526 | .. |
Value added in industry, including energy | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 20.5452145 | .. |
Value added in manufacturing | Percentage | | 10.098776 | 9.9855387 | 9.0621905 | 8.6208083 | 7.9668882 | 7.5318603 | 7.1267815 | .. |
Value added in construction | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7.733712118 | .. |
Value added in wholesale and retail trade, repairs, hotels and restaurants, transport | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 19.98262936 | .. |
Value added in financial intermediation, real estate, renting and business activities | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 30.6730543 | .. |
Value added in other services activities | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 18.70190758 | .. |
Real value added by activity | Real value added in agriculture, hunting and forestry, fishing | Growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.263216818 | .. |
Real value added in industry, including energy | Growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.708202708 | .. |
Real value added in construction | Growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.268516906 | .. |
Real value added in distributive trade, repairs, transport, accommodation and food service activities, information and communication | Growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.205336928 | .. |
Real value added in financial and insurance activities, real estate activities, professional, scientific, technical, administrative and support service activities | Growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.719412327 | .. |
Real value added in other services activities | Growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.318286928 | .. |
Small and medium-sized enterprises | Number of employees in manufacturing in enterprises with less than 10 persons engaged | Employed | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 23.65728 | .. | .. | .. |
Number of employees in manufacturing in enterprises with 10-19 persons engaged | Employed | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0 | .. | .. | .. |
Number of employees in manufacturing in enterprises with 20-49 persons engaged | Employed | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 29.64268 | .. | .. | .. |
Number of employees in manufacturing in enterprises with 50-249 persons engaged | Employed | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0 | .. | .. | .. |
Number of employees in manufacturing in enterprises with 250 or more persons engaged | Employed | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 46.70131 | .. | .. | .. |
Number of enterprises in manufacturing with less than 10 persons engaged | Enterprises | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 90.28137 | .. | .. | .. |
Number of enterprises in manufacturing with 10-19 persons engaged | Enterprises | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0 | .. | .. | .. |
Number of enterprises in manufacturing with 20-49 persons engaged | Enterprises | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.928195 | .. | .. | .. |
Number of enterprises in manufacturing with 50-249 persons engaged | Enterprises | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.7904339 | .. | .. | .. |
Number of enterprises in manufacturing with 250 or more persons engaged | Enterprises | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0 | .. | .. | .. |
Household income and wealth | Income and Savings | National income per capita | Gross national income per capita | US Dollar | | 35 387.81101 | 37 276.02044 | 37 797.3216 | 39 035.0995 | 40 049.23621 | 41 974.0982 | 43 371.64134 | .. |
Household disposable income | Real household disposable income | Growth rate | | 6.140130271 | 5.590904358 | 7.137544215 | 1.291367765 | 4.325341078 | .. | 1.135587587 | .. |
Household savings | Household net saving rates | Percentage | | 2.50540135 | 4.642310267 | 10.67698335 | 9.811317909 | 11.04782932 | 11.74740009 | 10.45161456 | .. |
Income inequality and poverty | Income inequality | Income inequality: Gini coefficient, level, late 2000s | 0-1 scale | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.334 | .. | .. | .. |
Income inequality: Gini coefficient, rank, late 2000s | 0-1 scale | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.9 | .. | .. | .. |
Income inequality: interdecile ratio P90/P10, level, late 2000s | Interdecile ratio P90/P10 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.7 | .. | .. | .. |
Income inequality: interdecile ratio P90/P10, rank, late 2000s | Number | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.5 | .. | .. | .. |
Income inequality: interdecile ratio P90/P50, level, late 2000s | Interdecile ratio P90/P50 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. |
Income inequality: interdecile ratio P90/P50, rank, late 2000s | Number | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.2 | .. | .. | .. |
Poverty | Poverty rate 50% | Ratio | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.14 | .. | .. | .. |
Poverty gap | Average score | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.25 | .. | .. | .. |
Poverty rate 50% of children (age 0-17) | Ratio | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.15 | .. | .. | .. |
Poverty rate 50% of working-age population (age 18-65) | Ratio | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1 | .. | .. | .. |
Poverty rate 50% of retirement-age population (over 65) | Ratio | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.36 | .. | .. | .. |
Household wealth | Household Financial Assets | Currency and deposits (AF2) | Percentage | | .. | 16.47617 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 22.54164 | .. |
Securities other than shares (AF33) | Percentage | | .. | 0.636784 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.1728226 | .. |
Shares and other equity (AF51) | Percentage | | .. | 24.42982 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 14.80662 | .. |
Mutual funds shares (AF52) | Percentage | | .. | 2.803298 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.323342 | .. |
Life insurance reserves (AF611) | Percentage | | .. | 2.325289 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.650388 | .. |
Pension funds (AF612) | Percentage | | .. | 49.42464 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 56.1964 | .. |
Household Debt | Households debt | Percentage | | 176.2496 | 180.7483 | 176.267 | 182.7739 | 183.5283 | .. | .. | .. |
Non-Financial Assets by Households | Non-financial assets of households: dwellings | US Dollar | | .. | .. | .. | 44 644.55464 | 44 111.94649 | 44 514.41459 | .. | .. |
Non-financial assets of households: lands | US Dollar | | .. | .. | .. | 95 586.3412 | 89 378.50097 | 82 050.73676 | .. | .. |
Non-financial assets of households: other | US Dollar | | .. | .. | .. | 17 011.92503 | 16 638.19727 | 16 718.34643 | .. | .. |
Globalisation | Trade | Share of international trade in GDP | International imports in goods and services | Percentage | | .. | 21.96557366 | 22.14458663 | 20.03366052 | 19.66068518 | 21.09756338 | 21.98877605 | .. |
International exports in goods and services | Percentage | | .. | 19.89354398 | 22.63410543 | 19.587794 | 21.17847008 | 21.44489614 | 19.93118294 | .. |
International trade in goods | Imports of goods | US Dollar, Billions | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 193.2801191 | .. | 250.4647944 | .. |
Trade balance of goods | US Dollar, Billions | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 18.55021142 | .. | 5.77811859 | .. |
Exports of goods | US Dollar, Billions | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 211.8303305 | .. | 256.242913 | .. |
International trade in services | Trade balance of services | US Dollar, Billions | | .. | .. | .. | -2.373311 | .. | -10.14454 | -11.60299 | .. |
Imports of services | US Dollar, Billions | | .. | .. | .. | 42.23527 | .. | 61.80614 | 64.51831 | .. |
Exports of services | US Dollar, Billions | | .. | .. | .. | 39.86117 | .. | 51.66058 | 52.91532 | .. |
Trading partners | Partner countries and regions of OECD merchandise imports | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.029900051 | .. | 1.086966874 | .. |
Partner countries and regions of OECD merchandise exports | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.045727921 | .. | 1.167402161 | .. |
Partner countries and regions of OECD merchandise trade | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.037553188 | .. | 1.125574177 | .. |
Trade in value added | Foreign value added as a share of gross exports | Percentage | | .. | .. | 13.93 | 12.51 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 27.56 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Food products, beverages and tobacco | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 21.37 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Textiles, textile products, leather and footwear | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 19.96 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Wood paper,paper products, printing and publishing | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 14.21 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Chemicals and non-metallic mineral products | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 21.78 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Basic metals and fabricated metal products | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 34.54 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Machinery and equipment | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 25.17 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Transport equipment | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 19.12 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Transport and storage, post and telecommunication | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 18.18 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Business services | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 13.57 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
FDI and balance of payments | Foreign direct investment | Outward FDI stocks | US Dollar, Millions | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 413 524.748 | 378 670.526 | 424 488.607 | .. |
Inward FDI stocks | US Dollar, Millions | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 508 793.577 | 546 023.766 | 604 256.581 | .. |
Outflows of foreign direct investment | US Dollar, Millions | | .. | 16 972.055 | 33 920.668 | 15 469.506 | 24 956.889 | 13 814.337 | 13 429.607 | .. |
Inflows of foreign direct investment | US Dollar, Millions | | .. | 45 529.618 | 46 800.835 | 27 472.313 | 36 685.012 | 66 076.328 | 56 422.36 | .. |
Communications | 0-1 scale | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.4 | .. |
Business services | 0-1 scale | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.078 | .. |
Financial services | 0-1 scale | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.133 | .. |
Media | 0-1 scale | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.2 | .. |
Total FDI Index | 0-1 scale | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.128 | .. |
Manufacturing | 0-1 scale | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.075 | .. |
Electricity | 0-1 scale | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.075 | .. |
Distribution | 0-1 scale | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.075 | .. |
Primary sector | 0-1 scale | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.078 | .. |
Transport | 0-1 scale | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.267 | .. |
Balance of payments | Current account balance | Percentage | | -5.802939 | -6.690603 | -4.907378 | -4.612742 | -3.538235 | -2.777462 | -4.118737 | .. |
Prices | Prices and interest rates | Inflation (CPI) | CPI: energy | Growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.5486 | .. | 7.324251 | .. |
CPI: food | Growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.139162 | .. | -3.539689 | .. |
CPI: all items | Growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.91834 | .. | 1.76278 | .. |
CPI: all items non food non energy | Growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.738033 | .. | 2.14108 | .. |
Producer price indices | PPI: domestic manufacturing | Growth rate | | 7.921382 | 2.317881 | 8.306365 | -5.428287 | 1.895735 | 3.385013 | -0.4748813 | .. |
Long-term interest rates | Long-term interest rates | Percentage | | 5.587872 | 5.994521 | 5.817944 | 5.039512 | 5.366042 | 4.879583 | 3.379167 | .. |
Purchasing power parities and exchange rates | Rates of conversion | Purchasing power parities | National currency per US dollar | | 1.4068288 | 1.4268731 | 1.4790727 | 1.4424146 | 1.506132 | 1.5110517 | 1.4810864 | 1.4728497 |
Exchange rates | National currency per US dollar | | 1.32797 | 1.19507 | 1.19218 | 1.28219 | 1.09016 | 0.969463 | 0.965801 | 1.03584 |
Indices of price levels | OECD=100 | | 106 | 115 | 117 | 111 | 135 | 148 | 151 | .. |
Real effective exchange rates | Real effective exchange rates | Ratio | | 87.63583 | 92.50979 | 90.66571 | 88.1582 | 100 | 107.0832 | 108.3109 | 103.8843 |
Energy and transportation | Energy requirement | Energy supply | Total primary energy supply | Tonnes of oil equivalent (toe), Millions | | 115.019694 | 118.654986 | 122.51859 | 122.107911 | 122.512094 | 122.887653 | 133.68062 | .. |
Energy intensity | Total primary energy supply per unit of GDP | Tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) | | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.16 | .. |
Electricity generation | Electricity generation | Terawatt hours | | 232.7 | 243 | 243.1 | 248.7 | 252.1 | 252.6 | 252.3 | .. |
Nuclear energy | Nuclear electricity generation, Terawatt hours | Terawatt hours | | .. | .. | .. | .. | | .. | .. | .. |
Nuclear electricity generation, As a percentage of total electricity generation | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | | .. | .. | .. |
Nuclear power plants connected to the grid | Number | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | | .. |
Nuclear power plants under construction | Number | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | | .. |
Renewable energy | Contribution of renewables to energy supply | Percentage | | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 4.6 | .. |
Oil production | Production of crude oil | Tonnes, Millions | | 22 | 24.6 | 22.6 | 23.3 | 22.7 | 21.9 | 21.8 | .. |
Oil prices | Crude oil import prices | US Dollar | | 66.71 | 77.13 | 107.83 | 63.4 | 82.6 | 115.66 | 117.78 | .. |
Transport | Goods transport | Inland goods transport | Tonnes-kilometres, Billions | | 362 383 | 387 229 | 394 239 | 428 002 | 453 933 | 464 601 | .. | .. |
Passenger transport | Inland passenger transport | Passenger-kilometres, Billions | | 293.284 | 296.539 | 297.352 | 297.457 | 300.29 | 303.31 | .. | .. |
Road fatalities | Road fatalities | Per 1 000 000 inhabitants | | 77 | 76 | 67 | 68 | 62 | 57 | .. | .. |
Labour | Employment and hours worked | Employment rates | Employment rates: men | Ratio | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 78.59415022 | 78.69755004 | 78.13919586 | .. |
Employment rates: total | Ratio | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 66.18479588 | 66.70031595 | 66.55348268 | .. |
Employment rates: women | Ratio | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 72.39609986 | 72.69932618 | 72.34486932 | .. |
Employment rates by age group | Employment rates for age group 15-24 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 59.72036435 | .. |
Employment rates for age group 25-54 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 79.47313619 | .. |
Employment rates for age group 55-64 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 61.3673586 | .. |
Part-time employment | Incidence of part-time employment | Percentage | | 23.93466 | 23.75079 | 23.79501 | 24.66808 | 24.90148 | 24.73239 | 24.62506 | .. |
Self-employment | Self-employment rates: women | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.886048 | 8.614406 | 8.3477 | .. |
Self-employment rates: men | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 13.9202 | 13.34574 | 12.32831 | .. |
Self-employment rates: total | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11.63584 | 11.19129 | 10.51048 | .. |
Employment by region | Differences in annual employment growth across regions: maximum | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.87 | .. |
Differences in annual employment growth across regions: minimum | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.3 | .. |
Differences in annual employment growth across regions: country average | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.87 | .. |
Share of national employment growth due to the 10% of most dynamic regions | Percentage | | .. | 23.29 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 20.53 | .. |
Regional difference in the employment rate: maximum | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 74.8 | .. | .. |
Regional difference in the employment rate: minimum | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 66.63 | .. | .. |
Regional difference in the employment rate: country average | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 69.07 | .. | .. |
Hours worked | Average hours actually worked | Hours | | 1 720 | 1 719 | 1 708 | 1 690 | 1 692 | 1 699 | 1 685 | .. |
Unemployment | Unemployment rates | Unemployment rates: men | Percentage | | .. | .. | 3.975578 | .. | .. | 4.904746 | 5.158335 | .. |
Unemployment rates: women | Percentage | | .. | .. | 4.579452 | .. | .. | 5.314358 | 5.325195 | .. |
Unemployment rates: total | Percentage | | .. | .. | 4.2 | .. | .. | 5.1 | 5.2 | .. |
Long-term unemployment | Long-term unemployment | Percentage | | 18.127515 | 15.374881 | 14.865828 | 14.686394 | 18.488728 | 18.90564 | 20.275922 | .. |
Unemployment by region | Gini index of regional unemployment rates | 0-1 scale | | .. | .. | 0.12 | .. | .. | .. | 0.13 | .. |
Regional variation of the long-term unemployment rate: maximum | Ratio | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 18.4 | .. | .. |
Regional variation of the long-term unemployment rate: minimum | Ratio | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10.53 | .. | .. |
Regional variation of the long-term unemployment rate: maximum-minimum | Ratio | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7.87 | .. |
Science and technology | Research and Development | Expenditure on R&D | Gross domestic expenditure on R&D | US Dollar, Millions, 2005 | | 14 952.284 | .. | 17 700.923 | .. | | .. | .. | .. |
Researchers | Researchers | Ratio | | 8.3941404 | .. | 8.5005255 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Patents | Triadic patent families | Number | | 250.8925 | 245.0022 | 235.4947 | 224.1498 | 219.3275 | 212.2271 | .. | .. |
Information and communications | Exports of ICT goods | Exports of ICT goods | US Dollar, Millions | | 1 788 | 1 917 | 2 071 | 1 643 | 1 989 | 2 275 | 2 241 | .. |
Computer, internet and telecommunication | Percentage of households with access to home computers | Percentage | | 73 | .. | .. | .. | 82.57 | .. | .. | .. |
Percentage of households with access to the internet | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 78.92 | .. | .. | .. |
Fixed (wired) broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants | Per 100 inhabitants | | .. | .. | 22.927 | 24.01145059 | 24.11999367 | 25.20078028 | 25.64012442 | .. |
Environment | Natural resources | Water consumption | Water abstractions per capita | Cubic metres | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 630 | .. | .. |
Total abstractions | Cubic metres, Millions | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 14 060 | .. | .. |
Fisheries | Fish landings in domestic and foreign ports | Tonnes, Thousands | | .. | .. | .. | 172.449 | 173.3569254 | 164.1803036 | 157.504162 | .. |
Aquaculture | Tonnes, Thousands | | .. | .. | .. | 70.1217 | 71.97739 | 73.1344 | 81.77137923 | .. |
Municipal waste | Total amount generated municipal waste | Tonnes, Thousands | | .. | .. | .. | 14 035 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Generation intensities of municipal waste | Kilograms | | .. | .. | .. | 640 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Air and climate | Emissions of Carbon Dioxide | CO2 emissions from fuel combustion | Tonnes, Millions | | 385 | 395 | 397 | 405 | 396 | 397 | .. | .. |
Sulphur and nitrogen emissions | Sulphur oxides emissions | Tonnes, Thousands | | 2 473.582 | 2 436.427 | 2 615.263 | 2 591.272 | 2 373.157 | 2 350.332 | .. | .. |
Nitrogen oxides emissions | Tonnes, Thousands | | 1 632.078 | 1 677.371 | 1 700.815 | 1 700.904 | 1 804.498 | 1 741.891 | .. | .. |
Greenhouse gas emissions | Tonnes of CO2 equivalent, Thousands | | 534 201.228 | 542 530.732 | 550 338.837 | 549 122.964 | 548 744.425 | 552 286.443 | .. | .. |
Education | Outcomes | International student assessment | Mean scores on the science scale in PISA 2012: women | Average score | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 519.1244735 | .. |
Standard error on the science scale in PISA 2012: women | Standard-error | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.09737174 | .. |
Mean scores on the science scale in PISA 2012: men | Average score | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 523.7282082 | .. |
Standard error on the science scale in PISA 2012: men | Standard-error | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.508215442 | .. |
Mean scores on the mathematics scale in PISA 2012: women | Average score | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 497.8213504 | .. |
Standard error on the mathematics scale in PISA 2012: women | Standard-error | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.040775158 | .. |
Mean scores on the mathematics scale in PISA 2012: men | Average score | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 510.1148515 | .. |
Standard error on the mathematics scale in PISA 2012: men | Standard-error | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.405359855 | .. |
Mean scores on the reading scale in PISA 2012: women | Average score | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 529.5422806 | .. |
Standard error on the reading scale in PISA 2012: women | Standard-error | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.967403488 | .. |
Standard error on the reading scale in PISA 2012: men | Average score | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.293139275 | .. |
Mean scores on the reading scale in PISA 2012: men | Standard-error | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 495.0895594 | .. |
Trends in mathematics | Mean score in mathematics | Average score | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 504.1507663 | .. |
Annualised change in mathematics across PISA assessments | Average growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | -2.20563639 | .. |
All students | Average growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | -20.11523794 | .. |
Boys | Average growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | -16.77777473 | .. |
Girls | Average growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | -23.72883515 | .. |
Share of students below proficiency Level 2 | Average growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.324547186 | .. |
Share of students at proficiency Level 5 or above | Average growth rate | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | -4.965408113 | .. |
Youth inactivity | Youths who are not in education nor in employment: aged between 15 and 19 | Percentage | | .. | 6.48 | 6.31 | 8.34 | 8.05 | 7.83 | .. | .. |
Youths who are not in education nor in employment: aged between 20 and 24 | Percentage | | .. | 10.73 | 10.71 | 11.58 | 11.2 | 11.69 | .. | .. |
How many students study abroad? | Trends in international education market shares | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.11 | .. | .. |
Educational attainment | Population aged 25-34 below upper secondary educational attainment | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 15.57 | .. | .. |
Population aged 25-34 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 39.8 | .. | .. |
Population aged 25-34 tertiary education | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 44.61 | .. | .. |
Population aged 25-64 below upper secondary educational attainment | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 25.92 | .. | .. |
Population aged 25-64 upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 15.57 | .. | .. |
Population aged 25-64 tertiary education | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 38.34 | .. | .. |
Resources | Teachers | Change in teachers'salary after 15 years of experience,minimum training | Index, 2000=100 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 112.16 | .. | .. |
Teachers'starting salary,minimum training | US Dollar | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 34 609.98 | .. | .. |
Teachers'salary after 10 years of experience,minimum training | US Dollar | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 48 522.47 | .. | .. |
Teachers'salary after 15 years of experience, minimum training | US Dollar | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 48 522.47 | .. | .. |
Teachers'salary at top of scale,minimum training | US Dollar | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 48 522.47 | .. | .. |
Educational expenditure per student | Share of private sources | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 15.3 | .. | .. | .. |
Expenditure per student in pre-primary education | US Dollar, 2010 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8 898.69 | .. | .. | .. |
Expenditure per student in primary education | US Dollar, 2010 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9 462.73 | .. | .. | .. |
Expenditure per student in secondary education | US Dollar, 2010 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 349.9 | .. | .. | .. |
Expenditure in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education | Index, 2005=100 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 132.65 | .. | .. | .. |
Number of students in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education | Index, 2005=100 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 101.13 | .. | .. | .. |
Expenditure per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education | Index, 2005=100 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 131.16 | .. | .. | .. |
Share of public sources | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 84.69 | .. | .. | .. |
Index on expenditure on educational institutions from public sources | Index, 2000=100 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 163.68 | .. | .. | .. |
Index on expenditure on educational institutions from private sources | Index, 2000=100 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 151.75 | .. | .. | .. |
Private expenditure in tertiary education | Expenditures on tertiary education institutions, spending per student | US Dollar, 2010 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 15 142.08 | .. | .. | .. |
Expenditure on tertiary educational institutions, index | Index, 2005=100 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 126.4 | .. | .. | .. |
Expenditure on tertiary educational institutions,number of students | Index, 2005=100 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 125.34 | .. | .. | .. |
Expenditure on tertiary educational institutions, per student, index | Index, 2005=100 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 100.84 | .. | .. | .. |
Expenditure on tertiary educational institutions, share of public sources | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 46.47 | .. | .. | .. |
Expenditure on tertiary educational institutions, share of private sources | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 53.52 | .. | .. | .. |
Government | Government deficits and debt | Government expenditures, revenues and deficits | General government net lending | Percentage | | 1.2769929 | 0.3747396 | -4.2926809 | -5.8742259 | -5.0353636 | -4.2346564 | -2.3253261 | .. |
General government revenues | Percentage | | 34.617743 | 34.327521 | 32.18311 | 31.804935 | 31.360922 | 32.063206 | 30.005923 | .. |
General government expenditures | Percentage | | 33.340751 | 33.952782 | 36.475791 | 37.67916 | 36.396286 | 36.297862 | 32.331249 | .. |
Government debt | General government debt | Percentage | | 26.81749 | 25.81615 | 27.78031 | 35.47909 | 39.51848 | 43.92031 | 56.50657 | .. |
Adjusted general government debt-to-GDP (excluding unfunded pension liabilities) | Percentage | | 11.08449688 | 11.14684907 | 12.83966841 | 17.7170985 | 21.58599985 | 26.44335298 | 30.65785849 | .. |
General government | General government expenditures and revenues per capita | General government revenues per capita | US Dollar | | .. | 13 347 | .. | 12 846 | .. | 13 955 | .. | .. |
General government expenditures per capita | US Dollar | | .. | 13 153 | .. | 15 315 | .. | 15 742 | .. | .. |
General government production costs | Production costs for general government, compensation of employees | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.7 | .. | .. |
Production costs for general government, costs of goods and services used and financed by general government | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.6 | .. | .. |
Production costs for general government, consumption of fixed capital | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. |
Production costs for general government, total | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21.4 | .. | .. |
Government transparency | Disclosure of Conflict of Interest | Level of disclosure of private interests and public availability of information | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 55 | .. |
Public expenditure | Social expenditure | Public social expenditure | Percentage | | .. | .. | 17.8 | 17.8 | 17.899 | 18.159 | 18.766 | 19.518 |
Private social expenditure | Percentage | | .. | .. | 3.3 | 3.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Net social expenditure | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 19.574 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Pension expenditure | Public pension expenditure | Percentage | | 3.335 | 3.352 | 3.561 | 3.49 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Private pension expenditure | Percentage | | .. | 3.271 | 5.566 | 4.653 | 4.507 | 4.551 | 4.732 | .. |
Agricultural support and foreign aid | Government support for agriculture | Agricultural producer support estimate by country | Percentage | | 4.4184496 | 4.8358765 | 4.4240261 | 3.0943128 | 2.7704213 | 2.8706516 | 2.7226591 | .. |
Government support for fishing | Government financial transfers to fishing | US Dollar, Thousands | | 45 771.98036 | 57 954.3143 | 66 958.63085 | 26 962.33745 | 17 026.61405 | 18 718.75764 | 14 247.92738 | .. |
Official development assistance | Net official development assistance, millions of US dollars | US Dollar, Millions | | .. | 2 668.52 | 2 954.07 | 2 761.61 | 3 826.1 | 4 982.91 | 5 402.7 | .. |
Net official development assistance, as a percentage of gross national income | Percentage | | .. | 0.322591962 | 0.316008102 | 0.293623085 | 0.322727252 | 0.343565846 | 0.360929509 | .. |
Taxes | Total tax revenue | Total tax revenue | Percentage | | 29.574 | 29.713 | 27.098 | 25.822 | 25.621 | 26.507 | .. | .. |
Taxes on income and profits | Percentage | | 17.453 | 17.717 | 16.025 | 14.444 | 14.57 | 15.66 | .. | .. |
Taxes on goods and services | Percentage | | 8.06 | 7.952 | 7.47 | 7.573 | 7.35 | 7.193 | .. | .. |
Taxes on the average worker | Taxes on the average worker | Percentage | | 28.282 | 27.697 | 26.932 | 26.749 | 26.829 | 26.65 | 27.208 | .. |
Health | Health status | Life expectancy | Life expectancy at birth: women | Years | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 84.2 | .. | .. |
Life expectancy at birth: men | Years | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 79.7 | .. | .. |
Life expectancy at birth: total | Years | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 82 | .. | .. |
Infant mortality | Neonatal infant mortality rates | Deaths per 1 000 live births | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.7 | .. | .. |
Post-neonatal infant mortality rates | Deaths per 1 000 live births | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.1 | .. | .. |
Infant mortality | Deaths per 1 000 live births | | 4.7 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 3.8 | .. | .. |
Suicides | Suicide rates | Per 100 000 inhabitants | | 8.3 | 10.6 | 10.9 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 10.1 | .. | .. |
Risk factors | Smoking | Adult population smoking daily | Percentage | | .. | 16.6 | .. | .. | 15.1 | .. | .. | .. |
Adult population smoking daily: males | Percentage | | .. | 18 | .. | .. | 16.4 | .. | .. | .. |
Adult population smoking daily: females | Percentage | | .. | 15.2 | .. | .. | 13.9 | .. | .. | .. |
Alcohol consumption | Alcohol consumption among population aged 15 and over | Litres | | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 10 | .. | .. | .. |
Overweight and obesity | Obesity rate among the adult population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 28.3 | .. | .. |
Obesity rate among the adult population: women | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 28.3 | .. | .. |
Obesity rate among the adult population: men | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 28.3 | .. | .. |
Resources | Doctors | Practising physicians | Per 1 000 inhabitants | | 2.81 | 2.98 | 3 | 3.1 | .. | 3.31 | .. | .. |
General practitioners as a percentage of total physicians | Percentage | | 50.79 | 50.33 | 49.8 | 49.38 | .. | 47.31 | .. | .. |
Specialists as a percentage of total physicians | Percentage | | 46.75 | 47.62 | 47.84 | 50.01 | .. | 49.47 | .. | .. |
Other physicians as a percentage of total physicians | Percentage | | 2.46 | 2.05 | 2.36 | 0.61 | .. | 3.22 | .. | .. |
Medical graduates | Per 100 000 inhabitants | | 9.1 | 10.07 | 11.17 | 10.84 | 12.06 | .. | .. | .. |
Nurses | Practising nurses | Per 1 000 inhabitants | | .. | 10.11 | 10.24 | 10.14 | .. | 10.09 | .. | .. |
Nursing graduates | Per 100 000 inhabitants | | .. | .. | 61.24 | 63.28 | 67.46 | .. | .. | .. |
Health expenditure | Public expenditure on health | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.0693 | .. | .. |
Private expenditure on health | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.8787 | .. | .. |
Total expenditure on health | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.9481 | .. | .. |