Environmental and resource productivity | CO2 Productivity | Production-based CO2 productivity, GDP per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions | US dollars per kilogram, 2015 | | 1.96 | 1.96 | 2.01 | 2.06 | 2.09 | 2.09 | 2.10 | 2.14 | 2.11 | 2.15 | 2.16 | 2.20 | 2.22 | 2.32 | 2.30 | 2.35 | 2.40 | 2.42 | 2.45 | 2.46 | 2.50 | 2.61 | 2.68 | 2.79 | 2.93 | 2.96 | 2.95 | 3.01 | 3.09 | 3.10 | 3.30 | 3.38 | .. |
Production-based CO2 intensity, energy-related CO2 per capita | Tonnes | | 15.21 | 15.10 | 15.16 | 15.25 | 15.44 | 15.85 | 16.20 | 16.45 | 17.34 | 17.48 | 17.59 | 17.69 | 17.90 | 17.66 | 18.15 | 18.05 | 18.07 | 18.23 | 18.02 | 17.95 | 17.78 | 17.45 | 17.18 | 16.58 | 15.93 | 15.97 | 16.14 | 15.97 | 15.67 | 15.35 | 14.57 | 14.71 | .. |
Production-based CO2 emissions, index 2000=100 | Index, 2000=100 | | 77.55 | 78.00 | 79.20 | 80.37 | 82.15 | 85.26 | 88.22 | 90.57 | 96.43 | 98.25 | 100.00 | 101.89 | 104.28 | 104.09 | 108.08 | 108.84 | 110.42 | 113.47 | 114.45 | 116.32 | 117.08 | 116.50 | 116.68 | 114.61 | 111.72 | 113.69 | 116.67 | 117.38 | 116.96 | 116.36 | 111.83 | 113.10 | .. |
Production-based CO2 emissions | Tonnes, Millions | | 259.52 | 261.02 | 265.04 | 268.96 | 274.91 | 285.31 | 295.22 | 303.09 | 322.71 | 328.80 | 334.64 | 340.98 | 348.96 | 348.32 | 361.70 | 364.24 | 369.50 | 379.71 | 383.00 | 389.26 | 391.82 | 389.85 | 390.46 | 383.54 | 373.87 | 380.45 | 390.42 | 392.82 | 391.41 | 389.40 | 374.23 | 378.48 | .. |
Demand-based CO2 productivity, GDP per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions | US dollars per kilogram, 2015 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.15 | 2.19 | 2.18 | 2.11 | 2.21 | 2.23 | 2.34 | 2.28 | 2.30 | 2.19 | 2.12 | 2.16 | 2.19 | 2.22 | 2.23 | 2.26 | 2.31 | 2.31 | 2.39 | 2.65 | 2.70 | 2.78 | 2.89 | 2.93 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Demand-based CO2 productivity, disposable income per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions | US dollars per kilogram, 2015 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.72 | 1.76 | 1.75 | 1.70 | 1.79 | 1.79 | 1.89 | 1.84 | 1.87 | 1.75 | 1.69 | 1.71 | 1.74 | 1.78 | 1.77 | 1.80 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 1.92 | 2.13 | 2.15 | 2.21 | 2.29 | 2.32 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Demand-based CO2 intensity, energy-related CO2 per capita | Tonnes | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 15.44 | 15.58 | 16.19 | 17.32 | 17.01 | 17.04 | 16.69 | 17.46 | 17.77 | 19.11 | 20.01 | 20.14 | 20.16 | 19.86 | 19.77 | 19.69 | 19.70 | 19.88 | 19.36 | 17.58 | 17.47 | 17.12 | 16.64 | 16.53 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Demand-based CO2 emissions, index 2000=100 | | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 85.74 | 87.55 | 91.98 | 99.41 | 98.66 | 100.00 | 99.19 | 104.95 | 108.08 | 117.49 | 124.50 | 127.03 | 129.52 | 130.16 | 132.26 | 133.80 | 135.75 | 139.36 | 138.12 | 127.26 | 128.29 | 127.68 | 126.22 | 127.32 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Demand-based CO2 emissions | Tonnes, Millions | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 278.03 | 283.90 | 298.26 | 322.34 | 319.91 | 324.26 | 321.65 | 340.30 | 350.47 | 380.96 | 403.72 | 411.91 | 419.98 | 422.07 | 428.87 | 433.85 | 440.19 | 451.88 | 447.87 | 412.64 | 416.01 | 414.03 | 409.29 | 412.86 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
CO2 emissions from air transport per capita | Tonnes | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 688.77 | 673.61 | 678.37 | 688.00 | 686.95 | 679.25 | 665.90 | 257.29 | 237.98 | 446.55 |
CO2 emissions from air transport per unit of GDP | Kilograms, 2015 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 14.86 | 14.44 | 14.36 | 14.47 | 14.28 | 14.03 | 13.97 | 5.35 | 4.78 | .. |
Energy productivity | Energy productivity, GDP per unit of TPES | US Dollar, 2015 | | 5 913.83 | 6 009.90 | 6 139.26 | 6 069.31 | 6 298.21 | 6 455.07 | 6 270.72 | 6 409.50 | 6 556.48 | 6 666.82 | 6 682.12 | 7 103.95 | 7 076.73 | 7 289.55 | 7 391.36 | 7 538.91 | 7 528.19 | 7 588.87 | 7 449.28 | 7 602.76 | 7 765.53 | 8 022.23 | 8 320.40 | 8 413.56 | 8 637.58 | 8 885.11 | 9 115.39 | 9 255.39 | 9 393.49 | 9 348.84 | 9 432.71 | 9 858.32 | .. |
Energy intensity, TPES per capita | Tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) | | 5.05 | 4.93 | 4.96 | 5.17 | 5.13 | 5.14 | 5.43 | 5.50 | 5.58 | 5.64 | 5.68 | 5.49 | 5.61 | 5.62 | 5.65 | 5.62 | 5.77 | 5.82 | 5.92 | 5.81 | 5.73 | 5.68 | 5.52 | 5.51 | 5.40 | 5.32 | 5.22 | 5.20 | 5.15 | 5.10 | 5.10 | 5.05 | .. |
Total primary energy supply, index 2000=100 | Index, 2000=100 | | 79.68 | 78.74 | 80.20 | 84.36 | 84.45 | 85.58 | 91.54 | 93.69 | 96.13 | 98.22 | 100.00 | 97.82 | 101.25 | 102.44 | 104.21 | 104.97 | 109.10 | 112.08 | 116.32 | 116.49 | 116.77 | 117.45 | 116.16 | 117.83 | 117.25 | 117.10 | 116.74 | 118.29 | 119.08 | 119.59 | 121.18 | 120.14 | .. |
Total primary energy supply | Tonnes of oil equivalent (toe), Millions | | 86.14 | 85.12 | 86.70 | 91.19 | 91.30 | 92.51 | 98.96 | 101.28 | 103.92 | 106.19 | 108.11 | 105.75 | 109.46 | 110.74 | 112.66 | 113.48 | 117.94 | 121.17 | 125.75 | 125.93 | 126.24 | 126.97 | 125.58 | 127.39 | 126.76 | 126.59 | 126.21 | 127.88 | 128.74 | 129.29 | 131.00 | 129.88 | .. |
Renewable energy supply, % total energy supply | Percentage | | 5.89 | 6.10 | 5.45 | 6.01 | 5.90 | 5.98 | 6.17 | 6.32 | 5.95 | 5.90 | 5.88 | 6.13 | 6.17 | 5.98 | 5.80 | 5.69 | 5.64 | 5.67 | 5.61 | 4.43 | 5.29 | 5.45 | 5.49 | 6.01 | 6.25 | 6.32 | 6.56 | 6.96 | 7.04 | 7.28 | 7.56 | 8.35 | .. |
Renewable electricity, % total electricity generation | Percentage | | 9.66 | 10.60 | 10.07 | 10.55 | 10.19 | 9.62 | 9.23 | 9.59 | 8.43 | 8.54 | 8.38 | 8.10 | 7.86 | 8.44 | 8.19 | 8.80 | 9.30 | 8.65 | 8.12 | 7.50 | 8.60 | 10.36 | 10.49 | 13.12 | 14.60 | 13.30 | 14.50 | 15.60 | 17.03 | 19.59 | 22.49 | 26.54 | .. |
Energy consumption in agriculture, % total energy consumption | Percentage | | 2.30 | 2.35 | 2.36 | 2.33 | 2.36 | 2.33 | 2.27 | 2.30 | 2.31 | 2.33 | 2.31 | 2.30 | 2.55 | 3.14 | 3.07 | 3.20 | 2.98 | 2.86 | 2.84 | 2.83 | 2.87 | 2.74 | 2.76 | 2.75 | 2.75 | 2.92 | 2.95 | 3.17 | 3.15 | 2.67 | 2.45 | .. | .. |
Energy consumption in services, % total energy consumption | Percentage | | 6.14 | 6.43 | 6.52 | 6.46 | 6.45 | 6.66 | 6.86 | 6.92 | 7.14 | 7.24 | 7.24 | 7.16 | 8.07 | 8.59 | 8.58 | 8.63 | 8.68 | 8.87 | 8.85 | 9.20 | 9.12 | 8.97 | 8.86 | 8.99 | 9.16 | 9.67 | 9.52 | 9.67 | 9.64 | 9.73 | 9.86 | .. | .. |
Energy consumption in industry, % total energy consumption | Percentage | | 34.10 | 34.22 | 33.49 | 33.56 | 34.25 | 33.81 | 33.78 | 34.11 | 34.25 | 34.24 | 34.19 | 34.77 | 33.39 | 31.12 | 31.01 | 30.83 | 30.42 | 30.40 | 30.44 | 29.97 | 29.56 | 29.48 | 29.48 | 29.28 | 29.01 | 27.73 | 28.13 | 27.91 | 27.84 | 27.84 | 28.39 | .. | .. |
Energy consumption in transport, % total energy consumption | Percentage | | 37.26 | 36.73 | 37.34 | 36.67 | 36.82 | 37.06 | 37.25 | 37.13 | 36.62 | 36.77 | 36.87 | 36.22 | 37.29 | 37.05 | 37.46 | 37.58 | 38.26 | 38.22 | 38.45 | 38.49 | 39.22 | 38.99 | 38.72 | 38.81 | 38.78 | 39.97 | 39.79 | 40.09 | 40.30 | 40.67 | 39.13 | .. | .. |
Energy consumption in other sectors, % total energy consumption | Percentage | | 20.20 | 20.27 | 20.30 | 20.99 | 20.12 | 20.14 | 19.84 | 19.55 | 19.67 | 19.42 | 19.38 | 19.55 | 18.70 | 20.10 | 19.89 | 19.76 | 19.66 | 19.65 | 19.42 | 19.50 | 19.24 | 19.81 | 20.18 | 20.16 | 20.30 | 19.71 | 19.61 | 19.16 | 19.07 | 19.09 | 20.17 | .. | .. |
Renewable energy supply (excluding solid biofuels), % total energy supply | | | 1.51 | 1.69 | 1.61 | 1.65 | 1.63 | 1.58 | 1.50 | 1.57 | 1.46 | 1.52 | 1.51 | 1.66 | 1.60 | 1.61 | 1.55 | 1.46 | 1.55 | 1.58 | 1.50 | 1.64 | 1.87 | 2.29 | 2.29 | 2.69 | 2.97 | 2.82 | 3.02 | 3.12 | 3.43 | 3.93 | 4.41 | 5.19 | .. |
Non-energy material productivity | Non-energy material productivity, GDP per unit of DMC | US dollars per kilogram, 2015 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. | .. |
Biomass, % of DMC | Percentage | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. | .. |
Non-metallic minerals, % of DMC | Percentage | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. | .. |
Metals, % of DMC | Percentage | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. | .. |
Municipal waste generated, kg per capita | Kilograms per capita | | .. | .. | 689.57 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 695.05 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 616.06 | 613.93 | 613.46 | 612.08 | 597.77 | 592.58 | 588.89 | 584.38 | 583.48 | 536.60 | 512.73 | 507.73 | 498.82 | .. | .. | .. |
Municipal waste recycled or composted, % treated waste | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 30.34 | .. | .. | .. | 40.26 | 40.80 | 42.63 | 43.31 | 46.05 | 46.78 | 48.09 | 49.53 | 49.78 | 46.79 | 43.05 | 44.27 | 44.41 | .. | .. | .. |
Municipal waste disposed to landfills, % treated waste | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 69.66 | .. | .. | .. | 58.58 | 58.06 | 56.26 | 55.59 | 52.84 | 52.22 | 51.03 | 49.71 | 49.32 | 52.16 | 56.62 | 55.45 | 55.03 | .. | .. | .. |
Nitrogen balance per hectare | Kilograms | | 20.43 | 21.03 | 20.05 | 20.19 | 20.86 | 19.46 | 20.47 | 20.91 | 20.71 | 20.61 | 20.74 | 20.22 | 21.38 | 15.94 | 16.19 | 15.34 | 16.37 | 16.85 | 15.97 | 16.09 | 16.54 | 17.13 | 18.67 | 18.39 | 19.17 | 19.78 | 18.43 | 19.45 | 19.70 | 19.37 | .. | .. | .. |
Phosphorus balance per hectare | Kilograms | | 1.41 | 1.44 | 1.23 | 1.21 | 1.38 | 1.20 | 1.37 | 1.44 | 1.34 | 1.35 | 1.46 | 1.40 | 1.45 | 0.82 | 0.95 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.83 | 0.59 | 0.38 | 0.54 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.71 | 0.87 | 0.98 | 0.75 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.94 | .. | .. | .. |
Environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity | Environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity growth | Percentage points | | .. | 0.40 | 3.40 | 2.46 | 1.54 | 2.04 | 2.99 | 2.85 | 3.48 | 1.84 | 0.96 | 3.16 | 1.39 | 2.70 | 1.30 | 1.16 | 1.64 | 1.32 | 0.30 | 0.99 | 0.34 | 2.01 | 1.50 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Contribution of natural capital | Percentage points | | .. | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.03 | -0.02 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.40 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Adjustment for pollution abatement | Percentage points | | .. | -0.02 | -0.18 | -0.15 | -0.13 | -0.45 | -0.12 | -0.35 | -0.40 | -0.13 | -0.15 | -0.24 | -0.06 | -0.07 | -0.28 | -0.07 | -0.13 | -0.22 | -0.11 | 0.05 | -0.01 | 0.12 | -0.03 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Natural asset base | Freshwater resources | Total renewable freshwater per capita | Cubic metres per capita | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 15 564.73 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Total freshwater abstraction per capita | Cubic metres per capita | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 845.53 | 1 336.92 | .. | 1 306.57 | .. | .. | .. | 1 151.56 | .. | .. | .. | 658.18 | .. | .. | .. | 673.95 | 628.59 | 613.65 | 719.38 | 870.67 | 825.07 | 717.55 | 655.18 | 675.92 | 702.63 | 607.63 | 522.70 | .. | .. |
Water stress, total freshwater abstraction as % total available renewable resources | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.76 | 6.02 | .. | 6.02 | .. | .. | .. | 5.55 | .. | .. | .. | 3.32 | .. | .. | .. | 3.65 | 3.46 | 3.43 | 4.09 | 5.03 | 4.84 | | 3.96 | 4.16 | 4.39 | 3.85 | 3.36 | .. | .. |
Water stress, total freshwater abstraction as % total internal renewable resources | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.76 | 6.02 | .. | 6.02 | .. | .. | .. | 5.55 | .. | .. | .. | 3.32 | .. | .. | .. | 3.65 | 3.46 | 3.43 | 4.09 | 5.03 | 4.84 | | 3.96 | 4.16 | 4.39 | 3.85 | 3.36 | .. | .. |
Permanent surface water, % total surface | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.14 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Seasonal surface water, % total surface | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.52 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Conversion of permanent water to not-water surface, % permanent water, since 1984 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12.73 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Conversion of permanent to seasonal water surface, % permanent water, since 1984 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12.69 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Conversion of not-water to permanent water surface, % permanent water, since 1984 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16.15 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Conversion of seasonal to permanent water surface, % permanent water, since 1984 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.46 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Land resources | Natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % total | Percentage | | .. | .. | 87.19 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 86.78 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 87.13 | .. | .. | 87.17 | 87.20 | .. | .. | .. |
Bare land, % total | Percentage | | .. | .. | 4.79 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.75 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.38 | .. | .. | 4.32 | 4.29 | .. | .. | .. |
Cropland, % total | Percentage | | .. | .. | 7.75 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.16 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.17 | .. | .. | 8.18 | 8.18 | .. | .. | .. |
Artificial surfaces, % total | Percentage | | .. | .. | 0.10 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.14 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.15 | .. | .. | 0.16 | 0.16 | .. | .. | .. |
Water, % total | Percentage | | .. | .. | 0.17 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.17 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.16 | .. | .. | 0.16 | 0.16 | .. | .. | .. |
Loss of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 1992 | Percentage, 1992 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.83 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.01 | .. | .. | .. |
Loss of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 2004 | Percentage, 2004 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.27 | .. | .. | .. |
Gain of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 1992 | Percentage, 1992 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.36 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.02 | .. | .. | .. |
Gain of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 2004 | Percentage, 2004 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.75 | .. | .. | .. |
Conversion from natural and semi-natural land to cropland, % since 1992 | Percentage, 1992 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.59 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.68 | .. | .. | .. |
Conversion from natural and semi-natural land to artificial surfaces, % since 1992 | Percentage, 1992 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.03 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.05 | .. | .. | .. |
Conversion from cropland to artificial surfaces, % since 1992 | Percentage, 1992 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.11 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.20 | .. | .. | .. |
Built up area, % total land | Percentage | | 0.09 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.10 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.12 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Built up area per capita | Square metres | | 417.23 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 420.82 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 378.13 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
New built up area, % since 1990 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12.94 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 26.09 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
New built up area, % since 2000 | Percentage, 2000 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11.64 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Irrigated land, % agricultural land | Percentage | | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.51 | .. | .. | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.51 | 0.40 | | .. |
Forest resources | Intensity of use of forest resources | Ratio | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.83 | 0.92 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | .. | .. |
Forests with long-term management plans, % total forest area | | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 22.25 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 32.28 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 32.28 | .. | .. |
Naturally regenerating forests, % total forest area | | | 99.24 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 98.87 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 98.33 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 98.18 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 98.22 | .. | .. |
Intact forest landscape, km2 | Square kilometres | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 82 593.45 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 55 616.44 | .. | .. | 54 150.84 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Intact forest landscape loss, % since 2000 | Percentage, 2000 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 32.66 | .. | .. | 34.44 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Wildlife resources | Threatened mammal species, % total known species | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 28.38 | .. |
Threatened bird species, % total known species | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16.92 | .. |
Threatened vascular plant species, % total known species | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.88 | .. |
Sales of pesticides per unit of agricultural land | Kilograms | | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.44 | 0.53 | .. | .. | .. |
Environmental dimension of quality of life | Exposure to environmental risks | Mean population exposure to PM2.5 | Micrograms per cubic metre | | 7.60 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7.50 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7.37 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.91 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6.79 | 6.71 | 7.00 | 6.97 | 6.88 | 6.85 | 6.82 | 6.67 | 6.74 | 6.75 | .. | .. | .. |
Percentage of population exposed to more than 10 micrograms/m3 | Percentage | | 0.00 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.00 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.01 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.01 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .. | .. | .. |
Percentage of population exposed to more than 35 micrograms/m3 | Percentage | | 0.00 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.00 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.00 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.00 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .. | .. | .. |
Mortality from exposure to ambient PM2.5 | Per 1 000 000 inhabitants | | 139.19 | 134.17 | 132.42 | 128.63 | 127.74 | 124.18 | 122.52 | 119.07 | 115.06 | 111.11 | 107.63 | 103.51 | 99.62 | 94.00 | 88.24 | 83.66 | 80.48 | 79.07 | 77.31 | 74.37 | 72.27 | 71.62 | 69.96 | 68.95 | 69.43 | 69.77 | 67.04 | 66.04 | 68.25 | 70.73 | .. | .. | .. |
Welfare costs of premature mortalities from exposure to ambient PM2.5, GDP equivalent | Percentage | | 1.45 | 1.40 | 1.37 | 1.32 | 1.31 | 1.27 | 1.24 | 1.20 | 1.15 | 1.10 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.67 | .. | .. | .. |
Mortality from exposure to ambient ozone | Per 1 000 000 inhabitants | | 3.17 | 2.82 | 2.36 | 2.33 | 2.25 | 2.42 | 2.61 | 2.82 | 2.85 | 2.81 | 2.65 | 3.54 | 3.50 | 3.37 | 2.42 | 2.54 | 2.74 | 2.72 | 2.56 | 2.05 | 1.94 | 1.97 | 2.57 | 3.05 | 3.19 | 3.27 | 3.65 | 2.60 | 4.18 | 4.59 | .. | .. | .. |
Welfare costs of premature deaths from exposure to ambient ozone, GDP equivalent | Percentage | | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | .. | .. | .. |
Mortality from exposure to lead | Per 1 000 000 inhabitants | | 102.17 | 100.31 | 100.67 | 99.62 | 100.45 | 99.08 | 98.90 | 96.94 | 94.96 | 93.02 | 91.52 | 90.20 | 89.73 | 87.86 | 84.42 | 81.62 | 79.58 | 78.70 | 77.10 | 73.59 | 70.99 | 69.69 | 67.23 | 65.49 | 65.30 | 65.34 | 64.26 | 64.74 | 65.87 | 66.25 | .. | .. | .. |
Welfare costs of premature deaths from exposure to lead, GDP equivalent | Percentage | | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.63 | .. | .. | .. |
Mortality from exposure to residential radon | Per 1 000 000 inhabitants | | 4.24 | 4.20 | 4.24 | 4.24 | 4.30 | 4.29 | 4.32 | 4.29 | 4.26 | 4.21 | 4.17 | 4.14 | 4.12 | 3.98 | 4.14 | 4.19 | 4.22 | 4.31 | 4.37 | 4.32 | 4.25 | 4.26 | 4.23 | 4.22 | 4.25 | 4.20 | 4.16 | 4.19 | 4.31 | 4.37 | .. | .. | .. |
Welfare costs of premature mortalities from exposure to residential radon, GDP equivalent | Percentage | | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | .. | .. | .. |
Access to drinking water and sewage treatment | Population with access to improved sanitation, % total population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 59.00 | 59.00 | 59.00 | 59.00 | 59.00 | 60.00 | 61.00 | 62.00 | 63.00 | 64.00 | 65.00 | 66.00 | 67.00 | 67.00 | 68.00 | 69.00 | 70.00 | 71.00 | 72.00 | 73.00 | 74.00 | .. | .. |
Population connected to public sewerage, % total population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 90.00 | .. | .. | 87.00 | .. | 94.15 | 93.72 | 93.15 | 93.77 | 92.79 | 93.84 | 94.10 | 94.08 | 92.57 | 92.38 | | 92.69 | 92.64 | 92.86 | .. | .. | .. |
Population connected to sewerage with primary treatment, % total population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | | | | | | | | | | | 18.33 | .. | .. | .. |
Population connected to sewerage with secondary treatment, % total population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | | | | | | | | | | | 23.69 | .. | .. | .. |
Population connected to sewerage with tertiary treatment, % total population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | | | | | | | | | | | 50.83 | .. | .. | .. |
Exposure to climate-related hazards | Population exposure to hot days | | | 71.40 | 65.20 | 52.70 | 59.80 | 76.20 | 60.40 | 56.90 | 56.80 | 60.30 | 48.70 | 65.80 | 66.40 | 44.90 | 66.10 | 72.40 | 65.20 | 72.10 | 56.90 | 57.40 | 62.30 | 61.70 | 66.40 | 57.20 | 68.60 | 65.10 | 63.10 | 58.30 | 62.50 | 71.60 | 53.70 | 72.80 | 54.80 | .. |
Population exposure to river flooding | | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.01 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.01 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.01 | .. | .. |
Population exposure to wildfires | | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 37.80 | 42.66 | 44.40 | 44.79 | 45.70 | 44.77 | 35.53 | 31.37 | 29.45 | 47.51 | 32.52 | 25.88 | 27.48 | 45.73 | 43.25 | 34.12 | 34.13 | 41.39 | 37.30 | 46.16 | 39.64 | .. | .. |
Population exposure to icing days | | | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .. |
Economic opportunities and policy responses | Technology and innovation: Patents | Development of environment-related technologies, % all technologies | Percentage | | 8.71 | 9.88 | 12.09 | 12.23 | 10.78 | 10.21 | 8.88 | 7.87 | 9.20 | 8.17 | 7.90 | 8.14 | 8.51 | 8.82 | 10.82 | 9.02 | 9.22 | 9.78 | 11.18 | 12.25 | 13.13 | 12.19 | 10.53 | 10.19 | 10.49 | 10.12 | 10.39 | 10.44 | 9.17 | 10.26 | .. | .. | .. |
Relative advantage in environment-related technology | Ratio | | 1.22 | 1.32 | 1.56 | 1.53 | 1.40 | 1.38 | 1.21 | 1.11 | 1.28 | 1.10 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.10 | 1.12 | 1.33 | 1.08 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 0.93 | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 1.03 | .. | .. | .. |
Development of environment-related technologies, % inventions worldwide | Percentage | | 1.09 | 1.29 | 1.53 | 1.58 | 1.53 | 1.36 | 1.11 | 1.15 | 1.29 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 1.15 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.35 | 1.08 | 1.03 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.81 | 0.73 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.62 | 0.56 | 0.66 | .. | .. | .. |
Development of environment-related technologies, inventions per capita | Number | | 5.31 | 6.23 | 7.66 | 8.34 | 8.00 | 7.49 | 6.74 | 7.43 | 8.96 | 9.28 | 10.69 | 10.93 | 11.02 | 11.87 | 15.34 | 13.07 | 13.56 | 13.81 | 13.76 | 14.47 | 14.25 | 13.68 | 11.78 | 11.70 | 11.73 | 11.23 | 11.71 | 10.92 | 9.43 | 9.92 | .. | .. | .. |
Technology and innovation: R&D | Environmentally related government R&D budget, % total government R&D | Percentage | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | .. |
Environmentally related R&D expenditure, % GDP | Percentage | | | .. | | .. | | .. | | .. | .. | .. | | .. | | .. | | .. | | .. | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Renewable energy public RD&D budget, % total energy public RD&D | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 9.90 | .. | 4.60 | .. | 5.19 | .. | 9.86 | .. | 9.95 | .. | 10.60 | 12.40 | 12.42 | 14.63 | 15.95 | 13.79 | 19.27 | 20.24 | 33.64 | 33.40 | 53.93 | 30.40 | 54.06 | 33.10 | 33.68 | 24.58 | 17.61 | 21.15 | 10.16 | .. |
Energy public RD&D budget, % GDP | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 0.02 | .. | 0.02 | .. | 0.03 | .. | 0.02 | .. | 0.02 | .. | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | .. |
Fossil fuel public RD&D budget (excluding CCS), % total energy public RD&D | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 61.21 | .. | 51.82 | .. | 72.08 | .. | 65.29 | .. | 60.82 | .. | 54.48 | 17.26 | 22.94 | 24.45 | 23.27 | 21.60 | 52.23 | 8.76 | 12.93 | 7.65 | 4.90 | 26.55 | 16.73 | 9.36 | 23.37 | 17.35 | 18.00 | 12.04 | 8.67 | .. |
International financial flows: Official Development Assistance | Environmentally related ODA, % total allocable ODA | Percentage | | | | | 13.91 | 11.21 | 17.62 | 61.80 | 21.14 | 19.45 | 21.61 | 8.31 | 20.82 | 16.07 | 18.65 | 6.68 | 18.18 | 10.68 | 10.06 | 7.92 | 18.68 | 19.98 | 25.84 | 27.36 | 19.42 | 17.85 | 17.48 | 28.85 | 27.59 | 25.73 | 65.26 | 52.41 | 52.10 | .. |
ODA - all sectors - biodiversity, % total allocable ODA | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.87 | 4.58 | 3.63 | 1.90 | 1.72 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 1.40 | 4.06 | 5.06 | 4.02 | 7.62 | 7.74 | 10.88 | 13.04 | 8.56 | 5.03 | 7.73 | 12.88 | 15.61 | 12.87 | 12.22 | 8.94 | 7.75 | .. |
ODA - all sectors - climate change mitigation, % total allocable ODA | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.15 | 2.28 | 1.87 | 0.32 | 0.79 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 2.36 | 1.31 | 5.97 | 2.61 | 16.80 | 8.01 | 6.61 | 12.81 | 9.31 | 6.09 | 6.55 | 12.11 | 14.79 | 13.02 | 18.50 | 29.79 | 19.64 | .. |
ODA - all sectors - climate change adaptation, % total allocable ODA | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.00 | 17.57 | 19.11 | 13.88 | 10.16 | 13.35 | 21.39 | 23.10 | 18.83 | 42.58 | 46.37 | 50.17 | .. |
ODA - all sectors - desertification, % total allocable ODA | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.67 | 0.40 | 2.24 | 0.31 | 0.95 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 1.01 | 3.67 | 1.17 | 3.58 | 11.34 | 4.85 | 10.49 | 5.17 | 3.24 | 5.13 | 8.70 | 11.21 | 9.24 | 3.17 | 2.11 | 3.38 | .. |
ODA - renewable energy sector, % total allocable ODA | Percentage | | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.62 | 1.62 | 0.95 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.82 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 1.85 | 0.14 | .. |
ODA - water supply and sanitation sector, % total allocable ODA | Percentage | | 2.96 | 11.07 | 6.45 | 6.54 | 4.90 | 3.95 | 2.21 | 4.05 | 5.38 | 3.66 | 10.00 | 4.73 | 1.99 | 5.28 | 1.75 | 0.31 | 1.85 | 0.19 | 1.34 | 2.95 | 7.05 | 8.72 | 5.88 | 7.73 | 5.77 | 5.79 | 4.38 | 4.18 | 5.09 | 4.22 | 4.91 | 3.59 | .. |
ODA - environment sector, % total allocable ODA | Percentage | | 0.59 | 0.40 | 1.35 | 3.16 | 1.67 | 0.05 | 15.60 | 0.89 | 1.80 | 2.12 | 3.44 | 0.96 | 1.40 | 0.95 | 0.02 | 1.66 | 0.61 | 3.00 | 2.10 | 1.41 | 3.25 | 3.75 | 4.43 | 4.50 | 1.79 | 1.33 | 0.73 | 2.04 | 1.55 | 2.27 | 2.20 | 2.33 | .. |
Net ODA provided, % GNI | Percentage | | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 | .. |
Environmental taxes and transfers | Environmentally related taxes, % GDP | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.49 | 2.61 | 2.54 | 2.78 | 2.88 | 2.58 | 2.49 | 2.40 | 2.41 | 2.33 | 2.25 | 2.08 | 2.02 | 1.95 | 1.76 | 1.84 | 1.79 | 1.73 | 2.24 | 2.24 | 1.78 | 1.80 | 1.69 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.62 | 0.56 | .. | .. |
Environmentally related taxes, % total tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9.06 | 9.25 | 8.81 | 9.72 | 9.80 | 8.65 | 8.19 | 8.30 | 8.11 | 7.80 | 7.45 | 6.98 | 6.88 | 6.63 | 6.56 | 7.24 | 7.11 | 6.73 | 8.36 | 8.30 | 6.55 | 6.49 | 6.13 | 2.48 | 2.37 | 2.24 | 2.12 | .. | .. |
Energy related tax revenue, % total environmental tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 75.03 | 75.51 | 74.28 | 76.84 | 75.39 | 80.55 | 70.75 | 70.58 | 68.65 | 67.29 | 69.11 | 69.31 | 68.40 | 67.16 | 67.36 | 67.10 | 66.43 | 65.05 | 70.75 | 68.97 | 60.92 | 60.09 | 62.15 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Road transport-related tax revenue, % total environmental tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 24.97 | 24.33 | 25.45 | 22.66 | 23.82 | 18.61 | 28.39 | 28.54 | 30.67 | 31.88 | 30.00 | 29.71 | 30.69 | 31.63 | 31.27 | 31.44 | 29.63 | 30.54 | 24.82 | 26.44 | 33.73 | 33.66 | 31.77 | 91.20 | 91.40 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Emissions priced above EUR 30 per tonne of CO2, % total emissions | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.20 | .. | .. | 0.20 | .. | .. | 0.20 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Emissions priced above EUR 60 per tonne of CO2, % total emissions | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.18 | .. | .. | 0.19 | .. | .. | 0.20 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Emissions priced above EUR 120 per tonne of CO2, % total emissions | | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.12 | .. | .. | 0.10 | .. | .. | 0.00 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Diesel tax, USD per litre | US dollars per litre, 2015 | | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.26 | .. |
Diesel end-user price, USD per litre | US dollars per litre, 2015 | | 0.72 | 0.80 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.76 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.90 | 1.06 | 1.15 | 1.09 | 1.27 | 1.05 | 0.97 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.79 | 0.86 | .. |
Petrol tax, USD per litre | US dollars per litre, 2015 | | .. | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.26 | .. |
Petrol end-user price, USD per litre | US dollars per litre, 2015 | | .. | 0.83 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.89 | 0.99 | 1.09 | 1.04 | 1.16 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.89 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.83 | 0.96 | .. |
Residential electricity price, USD per kWh | US Dollar, 2015 | | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.16 | .. |
Industry electricity price, USD per kWh | US Dollar, 2015 | | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.08 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.20 | .. | .. | .. |
Mean feed-in tariff for solar PV electricity generation | US Dollar | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.35 | 0.44 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.21 | .. | .. | .. |
Mean feed-in tariff for wind electricity generation | US Dollar | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .. | .. | .. |
Fossil fuel consumer support, % total tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.21 | 1.19 | 1.11 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 1.42 | 1.32 | 1.23 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.59 | .. |
Fossil fuel consumer support, % energy related tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 25.60 | 27.25 | 18.76 | 17.98 | 25.87 | 25.67 | 37.18 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Fossil fuel consumer support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 74.34 | 71.75 | 82.59 | 78.39 | 79.60 | 79.16 | 71.44 | 70.26 | 69.06 | 70.32 | 68.80 | 74.45 | .. |
Fossil fuel producer support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 25.39 | 27.88 | 16.76 | 21.00 | 20.17 | 20.65 | 27.77 | 29.35 | 30.40 | 29.33 | 30.87 | 24.62 | .. |
Fossil fuel general services support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.27 | 0.37 | 0.66 | 0.61 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.80 | 0.38 | 0.54 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.93 | .. |
Petroleum support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 78.83 | 75.08 | 69.62 | 65.08 | 70.98 | 73.20 | 80.61 | 85.49 | 87.09 | 81.52 | 80.25 | 88.02 | .. |
Coal support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.35 | 3.63 | 0.08 | 4.27 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.46 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.05 | .. |
Gas support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.93 | 1.71 | 2.46 | 2.27 | 1.83 | 2.32 | 1.54 | 1.60 | 1.81 | 1.61 | 2.21 | 1.82 | .. |
Electricity support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 18.89 | 19.58 | 27.84 | 28.38 | 26.95 | 24.23 | 17.39 | 12.82 | 10.97 | 16.82 | 17.48 | 10.12 | .. |
Total fossil fuel support, % of total tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.63 | 1.66 | 1.34 | 1.31 | 1.30 | 1.26 | 1.98 | 1.88 | 1.78 | 1.91 | 1.96 | 2.13 | .. |