Environmental and resource productivity | CO2 Productivity | Production-based CO2 productivity, GDP per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions | US dollars per kilogram, 2015 | | 1.96 | 2.09 | 2.16 | 2.56 | 3.02 | 3.02 | 3.08 | 3.16 | 3.17 | 3.26 | .. |
Production-based CO2 intensity, energy-related CO2 per capita | Tonnes | | 15.22 | 15.85 | 17.59 | 17.40 | 15.64 | 15.73 | 15.64 | 15.31 | 15.01 | 14.63 | .. |
Production-based CO2 emissions, index 2000=100 | Index, 2000=100 | | 77.60 | 85.26 | 100.00 | 114.56 | 111.30 | 113.73 | 115.00 | 114.27 | 113.77 | 112.35 | .. |
Production-based CO2 emissions | Tonnes, Millions | | 259.70 | 285.32 | 334.65 | 383.36 | 372.45 | 380.58 | 384.83 | 382.41 | 380.74 | 375.98 | .. |
Demand-based CO2 productivity, GDP per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions | US dollars per kilogram, 2015 | | .. | 2.15 | 2.23 | 2.26 | 2.70 | 2.78 | 2.89 | 2.93 | .. | .. | .. |
Demand-based CO2 productivity, disposable income per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions | US dollars per kilogram, 2015 | | .. | 1.72 | 1.79 | 1.80 | 2.15 | 2.21 | 2.29 | 2.33 | .. | .. | .. |
Demand-based CO2 intensity, energy-related CO2 per capita | Tonnes | | .. | 15.44 | 17.04 | 19.69 | 17.47 | 17.12 | 16.64 | 16.53 | .. | .. | .. |
Demand-based CO2 emissions, index 2000=100 | | | .. | 85.74 | 100.00 | 133.80 | 128.29 | 127.68 | 126.22 | 127.32 | .. | .. | .. |
Demand-based CO2 emissions | Tonnes, Millions | | .. | 278.03 | 324.26 | 433.85 | 416.01 | 414.03 | 409.29 | 412.86 | .. | .. | .. |
CO2 intensity of GDP, CO2 emissions per unit of GDP | | | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.31 | .. |
CO2 emissions from air transport per capita | Tonnes | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 678.37 | 688.00 | 686.95 | 679.25 | 666.75 | 261.15 | 239.85 |
CO2 emissions from air transport per unit of GDP | Kilograms, 2015 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 14.36 | 14.46 | 14.28 | 14.04 | 13.99 | 5.47 | 4.96 |
Energy productivity | Energy productivity, GDP per unit of TPES | US Dollar, 2015 | | 5 914.97 | 6 451.01 | 6 676.93 | 7 762.62 | 8 886.21 | 9 104.86 | 9 256.46 | 9 390.78 | 9 389.20 | 9 366.95 | .. |
Energy intensity, TPES per capita | Tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) | | 5.05 | 5.14 | 5.68 | 5.73 | 5.32 | 5.22 | 5.20 | 5.15 | 5.08 | 5.10 | .. |
Total primary energy supply, index 2000=100 | Index, 2000=100 | | 79.68 | 85.58 | 100.00 | 116.77 | 117.10 | 116.91 | 118.29 | 119.07 | 119.08 | 121.13 | .. |
Total primary energy supply | Tonnes of oil equivalent (toe), Millions | | 86.14 | 92.51 | 108.11 | 126.24 | 126.59 | 126.39 | 127.88 | 128.72 | 128.74 | 130.95 | .. |
Renewable energy supply, % total energy supply | Percentage | | 5.89 | 5.98 | 5.88 | 5.29 | 6.32 | 6.55 | 6.96 | 7.04 | 7.31 | 8.47 | .. |
Renewable electricity, % total electricity generation | Percentage | | 9.66 | 9.62 | 8.38 | 8.60 | 13.30 | 14.50 | 15.60 | 17.03 | 19.59 | 22.49 | .. |
Energy consumption in agriculture, % total energy consumption | Percentage | | 2.30 | 2.33 | 2.31 | 2.87 | 2.93 | 2.98 | 3.18 | 3.18 | 2.81 | .. | .. |
Energy consumption in services, % total energy consumption | Percentage | | 6.14 | 6.66 | 7.24 | 9.14 | 9.69 | 9.70 | 9.84 | 9.88 | 9.88 | .. | .. |
Energy consumption in industry, % total energy consumption | Percentage | | 34.10 | 33.81 | 34.19 | 29.40 | 27.57 | 27.19 | 26.92 | 26.98 | 26.90 | .. | .. |
Energy consumption in transport, % total energy consumption | Percentage | | 37.26 | 37.06 | 36.87 | 39.31 | 40.05 | 40.18 | 40.64 | 40.67 | 41.12 | .. | .. |
Energy consumption in other sectors, % total energy consumption | Percentage | | 20.20 | 20.14 | 19.38 | 19.28 | 19.76 | 19.96 | 19.42 | 19.29 | 19.29 | .. | .. |
Renewable energy supply (excluding solid biofuels), % total energy supply | | | 1.51 | 1.58 | 1.51 | 1.87 | 2.82 | 3.01 | 3.12 | 3.43 | 3.94 | 4.41 | .. |
Non-energy material productivity | Non-energy material productivity, GDP per unit of DMC | US dollars per kilogram, 2015 | | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. |
Biomass, % of DMC | Percentage | | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. |
Non-metallic minerals, % of DMC | Percentage | | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. |
Metals, % of DMC | Percentage | | | | | | | | | | | .. | .. |
Municipal waste generated, kg per capita | Kilograms per capita | | .. | .. | 695.05 | 612.08 | 583.48 | 536.60 | 512.73 | 507.73 | 498.82 | .. | .. |
Municipal waste recycled or composted, % treated waste | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 40.58 | 45.41 | 42.19 | 38.79 | 39.93 | 40.55 | .. | .. |
Municipal waste disposed to landfills, % treated waste | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 52.08 | 44.99 | 47.03 | 51.02 | 50.02 | 50.25 | .. | .. |
Nitrogen balance per hectare | Kilograms | | 20.43 | 19.46 | 20.74 | 16.54 | 19.78 | 18.44 | 19.45 | 19.70 | 19.37 | .. | .. |
Phosphorus balance per hectare | Kilograms | | 1.41 | 1.20 | 1.46 | 0.54 | 0.98 | 0.75 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.94 | .. | .. |
Environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity | Environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity growth | Percentage points | | .. | 2.04 | 0.96 | 0.34 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Contribution of natural capital | Percentage points | | .. | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.40 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Adjustment for pollution abatement | Percentage points | | .. | -0.45 | -0.15 | -0.01 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Natural asset base | Freshwater resources | Total renewable freshwater per capita | Cubic metres per capita | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16 175.57 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Total freshwater abstraction per capita | Cubic metres per capita | | .. | 1 337.79 | .. | 625.10 | 699.53 | 640.65 | 695.79 | 706.39 | 581.42 | .. | .. |
Water stress, total freshwater abstraction as % total available renewable resources | Percentage | | .. | | .. | | | | | 4.31 | 3.59 | .. | .. |
Water stress, total freshwater abstraction as % total internal renewable resources | Percentage | | .. | | .. | | | | | 4.31 | 3.59 | .. | .. |
Permanent surface water, % total surface | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.14 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Seasonal surface water, % total surface | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.52 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Conversion of permanent water to not-water surface, % permanent water, since 1984 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12.73 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Conversion of permanent to seasonal water surface, % permanent water, since 1984 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12.69 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Conversion of not-water to permanent water surface, % permanent water, since 1984 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16.15 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Conversion of seasonal to permanent water surface, % permanent water, since 1984 | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2.46 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Land resources | Natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % total | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 87.13 | .. | .. | 87.17 | 87.20 | .. | .. |
Bare land, % total | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4.38 | .. | .. | 4.32 | 4.29 | .. | .. |
Cropland, % total | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8.17 | .. | .. | 8.18 | 8.18 | .. | .. |
Artificial surfaces, % total | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.15 | .. | .. | 0.16 | 0.16 | .. | .. |
Water, % total | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.16 | .. | .. | 0.16 | 0.16 | .. | .. |
Loss of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 1992 | Percentage, 1992 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.00 | 1.01 | .. | .. |
Loss of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 2004 | Percentage, 2004 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.24 | 0.27 | .. | .. |
Gain of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 1992 | Percentage, 1992 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.97 | 1.02 | .. | .. |
Gain of natural and semi-natural vegetated land, % since 2004 | Percentage, 2004 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.69 | 0.75 | .. | .. |
Conversion from natural and semi-natural land to cropland, % since 1992 | Percentage, 1992 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.68 | 0.68 | .. | .. |
Conversion from natural and semi-natural land to artificial surfaces, % since 1992 | Percentage, 1992 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.05 | 0.05 | .. | .. |
Conversion from cropland to artificial surfaces, % since 1992 | Percentage, 1992 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.19 | 0.20 | .. | .. |
Built up area, % total land | Percentage | | 0.09 | .. | 0.10 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Built up area per capita | Square metres | | 417.23 | .. | 420.82 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
New built up area, % since 1990 | Percentage | | .. | .. | 12.94 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Irrigated land, % agricultural land | Percentage | | 0.39 | .. | 0.52 | 0.46 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.51 | 0.40 | .. |
Forest resources | Intensity of use of forest resources | Ratio | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.83 | 0.92 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | .. |
Forests with long-term management plans, % total forest area | | | .. | .. | .. | 22.25 | 32.28 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 32.28 | .. |
Naturally regenerating forests, % total forest area | | | 99.24 | .. | 98.87 | 98.33 | 98.18 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 98.22 | .. |
Intact forest landscape, km2 | Square kilometres | | .. | .. | 82 593.45 | .. | .. | 54 150.84 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Intact forest landscape loss, % since 2000 | Percentage, 2000 | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 34.44 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Wildlife resources | Threatened mammal species, % total known species | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 28.38 | 28.38 |
Threatened bird species, % total known species | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16.92 | 16.92 |
Threatened vascular plant species, % total known species | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5.88 | 5.88 |
Sales of pesticides per unit of agricultural land | Kilograms | | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.44 | 0.53 | .. | .. |
Atmosphere and climate | Annual surface temperature, change since 1951-1980 | Number | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Environmental dimension of quality of life | Exposure to environmental risks | Mean population exposure to PM2.5 | Micrograms per cubic metre | | 7.60 | 7.50 | 7.37 | 6.79 | 6.85 | 6.82 | 6.67 | 6.74 | 6.75 | .. | .. |
Percentage of population exposed to more than 10 micrograms/m3 | Percentage | | 0.00 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .. | .. |
Percentage of population exposed to more than 35 micrograms/m3 | Percentage | | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .. | .. |
Mortality from exposure to ambient PM2.5 | Per 1 000 000 inhabitants | | 139.19 | 124.18 | 107.63 | 72.27 | 69.77 | 67.04 | 66.04 | 68.25 | 70.73 | .. | .. |
Welfare costs of premature mortalities from exposure to ambient PM2.5, GDP equivalent | Percentage | | 1.45 | 1.27 | 1.07 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.67 | .. | .. |
Mortality from exposure to ambient ozone | Per 1 000 000 inhabitants | | 3.17 | 2.43 | 2.65 | 1.94 | 3.27 | 3.65 | 2.60 | 4.18 | 4.59 | .. | .. |
Welfare costs of premature deaths from exposure to ambient ozone, GDP equivalent | Percentage | | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | .. | .. |
Mortality from exposure to lead | Per 1 000 000 inhabitants | | 102.17 | 99.08 | 91.52 | 70.99 | 65.34 | 64.26 | 64.74 | 65.87 | 66.25 | .. | .. |
Welfare costs of premature deaths from exposure to lead, GDP equivalent | Percentage | | 1.06 | 1.01 | 0.91 | 0.68 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.63 | .. | .. |
Mortality from exposure to residential radon | Per 1 000 000 inhabitants | | 4.24 | 4.29 | 4.17 | 4.25 | 4.20 | 4.16 | 4.19 | 4.31 | 4.37 | .. | .. |
Welfare costs of premature mortalities from exposure to residential radon, GDP equivalent | Percentage | | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | .. | .. |
Access to drinking water and sewage treatment | Population with access to improved sanitation, % total population | Percentage | | .. | .. | 59.00 | 65.00 | 69.00 | 70.00 | 71.00 | 72.00 | 73.00 | 74.00 | .. |
Population connected to public sewerage, % total population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 92.79 | 92.38 | | 92.69 | 92.64 | 92.86 | .. | .. |
Population connected to sewerage with primary treatment, % total population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | | | | | | 18.33 | .. | .. |
Population connected to sewerage with secondary treatment, % total population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | | | | | | 23.69 | .. | .. |
Population connected to sewerage with tertiary treatment, % total population | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | | | | | | 50.83 | .. | .. |
Economic opportunities and policy responses | Technology and innovation: Patents | Development of environment-related technologies, % all technologies | Percentage | | 8.71 | 10.21 | 7.90 | 13.13 | 10.12 | 10.39 | 10.44 | 9.17 | 10.26 | .. | .. |
Relative advantage in environment-related technology | Ratio | | 0.52 | 0.58 | 0.43 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.44 | .. | .. |
Development of environment-related technologies, % inventions worldwide | Percentage | | 1.09 | 1.36 | 1.18 | 0.81 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.62 | 0.56 | 0.66 | .. | .. |
Development of environment-related technologies, inventions per capita | Number | | 5.31 | 7.49 | 10.69 | 14.25 | 11.23 | 11.71 | 10.92 | 9.43 | 9.92 | .. | .. |
Technology and innovation: R&D | Environmentally related government R&D budget, % total government R&D | Percentage | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Environmentally related R&D expenditure, % GDP | Percentage | | | .. | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Renewable energy public RD&D budget, % total energy public RD&D | Percentage | | .. | 4.60 | .. | 20.24 | 54.06 | 33.10 | 33.68 | 28.06 | 31.75 | .. | .. |
Energy public RD&D budget, % GDP | Percentage | | .. | 0.02 | .. | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | .. | .. |
Fossil fuel public RD&D budget (excluding CCS), % total energy public RD&D | Percentage | | .. | 51.82 | .. | 8.76 | 16.73 | 9.36 | 23.37 | 20.41 | 6.29 | .. | .. |
International financial flows: Official Development Assistance | Environmentally related ODA, % total ODA | Percentage | | | 13.74 | 5.87 | 18.20 | 10.72 | 17.75 | 16.10 | 16.00 | 38.99 | .. | .. |
ODA - all sectors - biodiversity, % total ODA | Percentage | | .. | .. | 2.57 | 7.05 | 4.74 | 7.93 | 9.11 | 8.00 | 7.30 | .. | .. |
ODA - all sectors - climate change mitigation, % total ODA | Percentage | | .. | .. | 1.32 | 7.29 | 4.02 | 7.45 | 8.62 | 8.09 | 11.05 | .. | .. |
ODA - all sectors - climate change adaptation, % total ODA | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | 0.00 | 8.19 | 13.16 | 13.47 | 11.71 | 25.44 | .. | .. |
ODA - all sectors - desertification, % total ODA | Percentage | | .. | .. | 1.59 | 10.33 | 3.15 | 5.35 | 6.54 | 5.74 | 1.90 | .. | .. |
ODA - renewable energy sector, % total allocable ODA | Percentage | | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.82 | 0.38 | 0.31 | .. | .. |
ODA - water supply and sanitation sector, % total allocable ODA | Percentage | | 2.96 | 3.95 | 10.00 | 7.05 | 5.79 | 4.38 | 4.18 | 5.09 | 4.22 | .. | .. |
ODA - environment sector, % total allocable ODA | Percentage | | 0.59 | 0.05 | 3.44 | 3.25 | 1.33 | 0.73 | 2.04 | 1.55 | 2.27 | .. | .. |
Net ODA provided, % GNI | Percentage | | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.19 | .. |
Environmental taxes and transfers | Environmentally related taxes, % GDP | Percentage | | .. | 2.61 | 2.54 | 1.75 | 1.74 | 1.63 | 0.59 | 0.56 | .. | .. | .. |
Environmentally related taxes, % total tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | 9.25 | 8.36 | 6.96 | 6.27 | 5.93 | 2.05 | 1.97 | .. | .. | .. |
Energy related tax revenue, % total environmental tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | 75.51 | 69.34 | 67.81 | 62.17 | 64.20 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Road transport-related tax revenue, % total environmental tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | 24.33 | 29.82 | 30.24 | 34.83 | 32.82 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Emissions priced above EUR 30 per tonne of CO2, % total emissions | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.20 | .. | .. | 0.20 | .. | .. | .. |
Emissions priced above EUR 60 per tonne of CO2, % total emissions | Percentage | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.19 | .. | .. | 0.20 | .. | .. | .. |
Emissions priced above EUR 120 per tonne of CO2, % total emissions | | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.10 | .. | .. | 0.00 | .. | .. | .. |
Diesel tax, USD per litre | US dollars per litre, 2015 | | 0.38 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.26 |
Diesel end-user price, USD per litre | US dollars per litre, 2015 | | 0.72 | 0.78 | 0.91 | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.79 | .. |
Petrol tax, USD per litre | US dollars per litre, 2015 | | .. | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.26 |
Petrol end-user price, USD per litre | US dollars per litre, 2015 | | .. | 0.79 | 0.91 | 1.00 | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.89 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.83 | .. |
Residential electricity price, USD per kWh | US Dollar, 2015 | | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.11 | .. | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.18 | .. |
Industry electricity price, USD per kWh | US Dollar, 2015 | | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.08 | .. | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.20 | .. | .. |
Mean feed-in tariff for solar PV electricity generation | US Dollar | | .. | .. | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.21 | .. | .. |
Mean feed-in tariff for wind electricity generation | US Dollar | | .. | .. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .. | .. |
Fossil fuel consumer support, % total tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | 0.99 | 2.12 | 1.23 | 1.02 | 1.43 | 1.47 | 1.26 | 1.37 | 1.35 | .. |
Fossil fuel consumer support, % energy related tax revenue | Percentage | | .. | 14.16 | 36.66 | 26.02 | 26.04 | 37.47 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Fossil fuel consumer support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | 71.03 | 84.49 | 74.64 | 79.40 | 71.60 | 72.50 | 69.60 | 70.71 | 68.84 | .. |
Fossil fuel producer support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | 28.97 | 15.45 | 25.09 | 20.41 | 27.61 | 27.14 | 29.87 | 28.94 | 30.85 | .. |
Fossil fuel general services support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.79 | 0.36 | 0.53 | 0.35 | 0.30 | .. |
Petroleum support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | 92.42 | 95.52 | 78.38 | 72.69 | 80.23 | 79.06 | 86.93 | 81.64 | 80.89 | .. |
Coal support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | 4.85 | 2.19 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.46 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.07 | .. |
Gas support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | 2.73 | 2.29 | 1.92 | 2.32 | 1.54 | 1.48 | 1.72 | 1.50 | 2.03 | .. |
Electricity support, % total fossil fuel support | Percentage | | .. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 19.35 | 24.74 | 17.77 | 19.38 | 11.23 | 16.81 | 17.01 | .. |
Total fossil fuel support, % of total tax revenue | Percentage | | 0.00 | 1.39 | 2.51 | 1.65 | 1.28 | 1.99 | 2.03 | 1.81 | 1.94 | 1.96 | .. |
Regulations and management | Terrestrial protected area, % land area | Percentage | | 5.12 | 6.21 | 7.17 | 11.46 | 18.28 | 19.02 | 19.28 | 19.38 | 19.38 | 20.34 | 20.34 |
Marine protected area, % total exclusive economic zone | Percentage | | 4.74 | 4.95 | 5.08 | 6.00 | 11.25 | 11.48 | 11.63 | 40.97 | 40.97 | 40.97 | 40.97 |
Socio-economic context | Economic context | Real GDP, Index 2000=100 | Index, 2000=100 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Real GDP | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Value added in agriculture, % of total value added | Percentage | | 3.45 | 3.68 | 3.83 | 2.45 | 2.59 | 2.90 | 2.64 | 2.26 | 2.14 | 2.43 | .. |
Value added in industry, % of total value added | Percentage | | 30.04 | 28.28 | 25.91 | 28.39 | 24.02 | 25.18 | 25.89 | 27.09 | 27.16 | 27.27 | .. |
Value added in services, % of total value added | Percentage | | 66.52 | 68.03 | 70.25 | 69.16 | 73.39 | 71.92 | 71.48 | 70.65 | 70.70 | 70.30 | .. |
Labour tax revenue, % GDP | Percentage | | | | | | | | | | | | .. |
Labour tax revenue, % total tax revenue | Percentage | | 49.08 | 47.44 | 42.19 | 43.91 | 46.68 | 45.92 | 45.24 | 46.01 | 46.76 | | .. |
Real GDP per capita | US Dollar, 2015 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Nominal exchange rate | | | 1.28 | 1.35 | 1.72 | 1.09 | 1.33 | 1.35 | 1.30 | 1.34 | 1.44 | 1.45 | 1.33 |
Purchasing power parity | | | 1.37 | 1.31 | 1.31 | 1.50 | 1.47 | 1.45 | 1.48 | 1.47 | 1.48 | 1.45 | 1.46 |
GDP deflator | | | 55.30 | 60.11 | 66.41 | 98.18 | 100.00 | 103.75 | 105.64 | 109.26 | 111.20 | 114.35 | 120.40 |
Social context | Population | Per 1 000 inhabitants | | 17 065.13 | 18 004.88 | 19 028.80 | 22 031.75 | 23 815.99 | 24 190.91 | 24 601.86 | 24 982.69 | 25 365.74 | 25 698.09 | .. |
Population, ages 0-14, % total | Percentage | | 22.09 | 21.57 | 20.88 | 19.03 | 18.89 | 18.97 | 19.06 | 19.14 | 19.22 | | .. |
Population, ages 15-64, % total | Percentage | | 66.85 | 66.57 | 66.79 | 67.59 | 66.26 | 65.89 | 65.53 | 65.17 | 64.83 | | .. |
Population, ages 65 and above, % total | Percentage | | 11.06 | 11.86 | 12.32 | 13.38 | 14.85 | 15.14 | 15.42 | 15.69 | 15.95 | | .. |
Women, % total population | Percentage | | 50.15 | 50.25 | 50.12 | 49.99 | 50.17 | 50.19 | 50.20 | 50.20 | 50.20 | | .. |
Total fertility rate, children per woman | Children | | 1.86 | 1.82 | 1.78 | 1.91 | 1.85 | 1.84 | 1.83 | 1.82 | 1.81 | | .. |
Life expectancy at birth | Years | | 77.09 | 78.38 | 79.74 | 82.01 | 82.86 | 83.03 | 83.20 | 83.35 | 83.50 | | .. |
Net migration | Per 1 000 inhabitants | | 472.33 | 373.48 | 508.94 | 1 077.95 | 870.49 | 830.86 | 791.23 | 768.45 | 745.68 | | .. |
Population density, inhabitants per km2 | Inhabitants | | 2.20 | 2.33 | 2.46 | 2.85 | 3.08 | 3.12 | 3.18 | 3.23 | 3.28 | | |