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Comparative performance of national science and innovation systems : Knowledge flows and commercialisation

Time2010 or latest year available
IndicatorKnowledge flows and commercialisationInformation on item
Industry-financed public R&D expenditures (by GDP)Information on itemPatents filed by universities and public labs (per GDP)Information on itemInternational co-authorship (%)Information on itemInternational co-patenting (PCT patent applications)(%)Information on item
Sort ascendingSort descendingSort ascendingSort descendingSort ascendingSort descendingSort ascendingSort descending
Country
Argentina-5.151..88.068171.060
Australia112.781105.59988.34763.277
Austria96.399101.257132.875107.142
Belgium122.430110.920135.170159.892
Brazil..
(e) 12.154
32.30170.415
Canada
(l) 114.867
108.59091.725121.153
Chile
(cl) 9.346
..124.625123.888
China
(o) 118.926
22.323-9.28438.308
Colombia....109.651119.902
Czechia30.67527.90676.914123.475
Denmark
(c) 62.662
127.963130.08693.800
Egypt....72.179103.458
Estonia59.506..106.802118.827
Finland137.04229.542106.80280.483
France
(l) 72.442
127.79099.45487.083
Germany
(j) 173.704
100.00098.25369.123
Greece52.6500.97668.059126.555
Hungary
(o) 112.900
14.281100.589127.842
Iceland
(l) 194.080
7.879188.742157.451
India..
(e) 12.832
3.981103.920
Indonesia....180.220180.665
Ireland
(c) 33.848
131.591109.592132.218
Israel
(fd) 109.063
200.00089.57256.227
Italy19.67350.54177.24352.468
Japan20.824121.46925.5860.000
Korea116.929131.53228.5795.205
Luxembourg
(l) 7.990
1.500200.000200.000
Mexico0.0002.77983.675103.846
Netherlands
(j) 200.000
102.942113.50581.089
New Zealand121.97418.301109.24084.652
Norway105.10440.442117.72090.189
Poland
(j) 47.026
3.09849.893134.297
Portugal7.41772.090103.778128.699
Russian Federation126.221-0.71545.24692.192
Slovak Republic
(d) 57.192
..101.963175.968
Slovenia142.94337.06181.00255.615
South Africa52.35146.28894.38453.879
Spain105.052100.01874.85272.449
Sweden101.7461.375126.20879.050
Switzerland
(k) 129.895
111.833154.840159.674
Türkiye119.5040.0000.00023.088
United Kingdom
(l) 72.157
113.84690.756104.550
United States
(ik) 45.206
123.24041.62743.798
European Union (27 countries)106.131103.080..37.794
OECD sample median100.000100.000100.000100.000
Lowest OECD value0.0000.0000.0000.000
Bottom five OECD value19.6732.77949.89352.468
Top five OECD value137.042127.790132.875157.451
Highest OECD value200.000200.000200.000200.000
Legend:
cNational estimate or projection.
dDefence excluded (all or mostly).
eBased on data extracted from national or other international sources.
fExcluding R&D in the social sciences and humanities (all or mostly).
iExcludes most or all capital expenditure.
jOverestimated or based on overestimated data.
kUnderestimated or based on underestimated data.
lProvisional.
oThe sum of the breakdown does not add to the total.
Data extracted on 18 Jun 2024 15:47 UTC (GMT) from OECD.Stat

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