All technologies (total patents) | | 25 506 | 35 306 | 88 761 | 34 945 | 34 182 | 36 661 | 39 875 | 40 867 | 41 634 | 40 484 |
Environment-related technologies | | 1 865 | 2 808 | 5 779 | 2 606 | 4 243 | 3 348 | 3 534 | 3 788 | 3 689 | 3 276 |
Environment-related technologies | Environmental management | | 959 | 1 377 | 2 492 | 1 257 | 1 738 | 1 200 | 1 294 | 1 437 | 1 470 | 1 180 |
Environmental management | Air pollution abatement | | 357 | 489 | 954 | 446 | 712 | 357 | 406 | 439 | 422 | 309 |
Air pollution abatement | Emissions abatement from stationary sources (e.g. SOx, NOx, PM emissions from combustion plants) | | 128 | 210 | 328 | 165 | 399 | 161 | 169 | 193 | 220 | 140 |
Emissions abatement from mobile sources (e.g. NOx, CO, HC, PM emissions from motor vehicles) | | 178 | 215 | 450 | 208 | 275 | 128 | 144 | 179 | 139 | 120 |
Air pollution abatement - Not elsewhere classified | | 104 | 181 | 381 | 186 | 254 | 140 | 164 | 195 | 163 | 132 |
Water pollution abatement | | 380 | 486 | 996 | 549 | 745 | 505 | 531 | 618 | 660 | 521 |
Water pollution abatement | Water and wastewater treatment | | 360 | 471 | 983 | 544 | 740 | 500 | 527 | 612 | 655 | 518 |
Fertilizers from wastewater | | 4 | 5 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 3 |
Oil spill and pollutant clean-up | | 38 | 23 | 31 | 8 | 15 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 7 |
Waste management | | 273 | 474 | 678 | 325 | 480 | 404 | 431 | 474 | 504 | 448 |
Waste management | Solid waste collection | | 38 | 68 | 76 | 72 | 54 | 58 | 59 | 45 | 57 | 34 |
Material recovery, recycling and re-use | | 125 | 235 | 330 | 143 | 216 | 191 | 227 | 278 | 237 | 235 |
Fertilizers from waste | | 29 | 57 | 96 | 53 | 64 | 82 | 70 | 92 | 102 | 93 |
Incineration and energy recovery | | 41 | 69 | 108 | 37 | 61 | 38 | 28 | 39 | 77 | 70 |
Waste management – Not elsewhere classified | | 86 | 108 | 149 | 95 | 156 | 99 | 88 | 134 | 123 | 104 |
Soil remediation | | 20 | 41 | 80 | 10 | 26 | 17 | 24 | 30 | 14 | 37 |
Environmental monitoring | | 2 | 2 | 11 | 9 | 20 | 19 | 20 | 34 | 19 | 34 |
Climate change mitigation | | 1 192 | 1 926 | 4 127 | 1 769 | 3 318 | 2 630 | 2 750 | 2 969 | 2 799 | 2 579 |
Climate change mitigation | Climate change mitigation in information and communication technologies (ICT) | | 33 | 79 | 250 | 132 | 146 | 183 | 232 | 255 | 167 | 150 |
Climate change mitigation in information and communication technologies (ICT) | Energy efficient computing | | 5 | 19 | 38 | 15 | 25 | 39 | 71 | 52 | 36 | 55 |
Energy efficiency in communication networks | | 30 | 63 | 216 | 119 | 126 | 151 | 187 | 214 | 142 | 99 |
Climate change mitigation technologies related to energy generation, transmission or distribution | | 312 | 525 | 1 551 | 677 | 1 749 | 1 213 | 1 138 | 1 328 | 1 367 | 1 290 |
Climate change mitigation technologies related to energy generation, transmission or distribution | Renewable energy generation | | 88 | 178 | 441 | 293 | 925 | 534 | 541 | 514 | 633 | 586 |
Renewable energy generation | Wind energy | | 12 | 30 | 129 | 91 | 287 | 115 | 85 | 131 | 155 | 114 |
Solar thermal energy | | 32 | 66 | 74 | 54 | 266 | 113 | 115 | 91 | 106 | 122 |
Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy | | 42 | 63 | 195 | 128 | 404 | 329 | 347 | 283 | 393 | 372 |
Solar thermal-PV hybrids | | .. | 7 | 10 | 5 | 13 | 30 | 13 | 18 | 18 | 4 |
Geothermal energy | | 1 | 5 | 13 | 4 | 18 | 9 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 12 |
Marine energy, e.g. using wave energy or salinity gradient | | 3 | 20 | 40 | 38 | 98 | 55 | 67 | 88 | 39 | 44 |
Hydro energy | | 7 | 21 | 49 | 29 | 70 | 33 | 53 | 53 | 28 | 34 |
Energy generation from fuels of non-fossil origin | | 26 | 50 | 114 | 82 | 343 | 209 | 158 | 199 | 155 | 160 |
Energy generation from fuels of non-fossil origin | Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel | | 15 | 30 | 81 | 62 | 287 | 168 | 132 | 160 | 112 | 117 |
Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel | | 16 | 26 | 52 | 36 | 144 | 80 | 62 | 103 | 112 | 87 |
Nuclear energy | | 37 | 35 | 70 | 8 | 31 | 64 | 31 | 98 | 59 | 17 |
Nuclear energy | Nuclear fusion reactors | | 34 | 19 | 27 | 6 | 24 | 49 | 25 | 88 | 54 | 10 |
Nuclear fission reactors | | 4 | 12 | 50 | 2 | 7 | 15 | 6 | 10 | 5 | 7 |
Combustion technologies with mitigation potential (e.g. using fossil fuels, biomass, waste, etc.) | | 24 | 55 | 103 | 41 | 157 | 65 | 50 | 62 | 68 | 26 |
Combustion technologies with mitigation potential (e.g. using fossil fuels, biomass, waste, etc.) | Technologies for improved output efficiency (combined heat and power, combined cycles, etc.) | | 18 | 29 | 64 | 26 | 106 | 43 | 31 | 39 | 53 | 18 |
Technologies for improved input efficiency (efficient combustion or heat usage) | | 7 | 30 | 44 | 18 | 64 | 25 | 23 | 34 | 43 | 9 |
Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution | | 10 | 15 | 57 | 12 | 49 | 50 | 65 | 43 | 47 | 61 |
Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution | Superconducting electric elements or equipment | | 7 | 5 | 35 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
Smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the energy generation sector | | .. | .. | 4 | .. | 21 | 17 | 37 | 26 | 17 | 26 |
Not elsewhere classified | | 3 | 10 | 21 | 11 | 27 | 30 | 29 | 20 | 37 | 36 |
Enabling technologies (technologies with potential or indirect contribution to GHG emission mitigation) | | 131 | 206 | 804 | 284 | 428 | 434 | 454 | 618 | 561 | 539 |
Enabling technologies (technologies with potential or indirect contribution to GHG emission mitigation) | Energy storage | | 88 | 137 | 469 | 115 | 211 | 262 | 283 | 355 | 344 | 324 |
Energy storage | Batteries | | 74 | 117 | 400 | 83 | 151 | 213 | 226 | 274 | 272 | 246 |
Capacitors | | 3 | 8 | 33 | 6 | 14 | 13 | 17 | 20 | 14 | 20 |
Mechanical energy storage, e.g. flywheels or pressurised fluids | | 1 | 2 | 23 | 9 | 27 | 11 | 23 | 45 | 42 | 40 |
Thermal energy storage | | 11 | 14 | 38 | 22 | 29 | 31 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 35 |
Hydrogen technology | | 14 | 12 | 83 | 71 | 125 | 121 | 79 | 151 | 136 | 101 |
High-voltage direct current transmission | | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 2 | .. |
Fuel cells | | 28 | 60 | 337 | 127 | 118 | 103 | 105 | 197 | 111 | 104 |
Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions | | 1 | 7 | 16 | 24 | 69 | 54 | 82 | 67 | 93 | 54 |
Climate change mitigation technologies related to wastewater treatment or waste management | | 181 | 324 | 473 | 211 | 340 | 274 | 271 | 342 | 344 | 293 |
Climate change mitigation technologies related to wastewater treatment or waste management | Wastewater treatment | | 48 | 90 | 155 | 97 | 162 | 88 | 91 | 121 | 122 | 98 |
Solid waste management | | 131 | 227 | 305 | 111 | 179 | 171 | 166 | 214 | 210 | 182 |
Solid waste management | Waste collection, transportation, transfer or storage | | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | .. | .. | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Waste processing or separation | | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 4 |
Landfill technologies aiming to mitigate methane emissions | | 6 | 5 | 3 | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse | | 11 | 33 | 57 | 25 | 21 | 41 | 13 | 34 | 32 | 34 |
Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies | | 110 | 187 | 228 | 83 | 146 | 127 | 142 | 170 | 168 | 135 |
Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies | Mechanical processing of waste for the recovery of materials, e.g. crushing, shredding, separation or disassembly | | 9 | 16 | 29 | 3 | 15 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 6 |
Waste management of vehicles | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Construction or demolition [C&D] waste | | 1 | .. | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | .. |
Glass recycling | | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 2 |
Plastics and rubber recycling | | 22 | 59 | 85 | 26 | 33 | 25 | 16 | 39 | 24 | 33 |
Paper recycling | | 15 | 31 | 12 | 2 | 8 | 6 | 9 | 18 | 22 | 18 |
Disintegrating fibre-containing textile articles to obtain fibres for re-use | | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Recovery of fats, fatty oils, fatty acids or other fatty substances, e.g. lanolin or waxes | | 3 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 2 |
Recycling of wood or furniture waste | | .. | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Packaging reuse or recycling, e.g. of multilayer packaging | | 21 | 29 | 28 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 26 | 14 | 24 | 23 |
Recycling of waste of electrical or electronic equipment (WEEE) | | 5 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | .. | 12 |
Recycling of batteries or fuel cells | | 1 | 5 | 5 | 2 | .. | 3 | 8 | 3 | 14 | 6 |
Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete | | 42 | 54 | 77 | 36 | 86 | 78 | 73 | 85 | 86 | 52 |
Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation | | 5 | 17 | 22 | 10 | 15 | 21 | 17 | 29 | 36 | 33 |
Capture, storage, sequestration or disposal of greenhouse gases | | 11 | 19 | 93 | 41 | 238 | 91 | 118 | 95 | 101 | 63 |
Capture, storage, sequestration or disposal of greenhouse gases | Capture or disposal of nitrous oxide (N2O) | | 1 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 8 | 7 | 2 |
Capture or disposal of methane (CH4) | | 1 | .. | 9 | 4 | 20 | 5 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 6 |
Capture or disposal of perfluorocarbons (PFC), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) or sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) | | 1 | .. | 20 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
Capture or disposal of carbon dioxide (CO2) | | 8 | 15 | 55 | 32 | 219 | 88 | 110 | 80 | 87 | 60 |
Climate change mitigation technologies related to transportation | | 165 | 237 | 483 | 221 | 365 | 263 | 306 | 385 | 377 | 297 |
Climate change mitigation technologies related to transportation | Road transport | | 139 | 194 | 347 | 173 | 279 | 175 | 201 | 252 | 255 | 216 |
Road transport | Conventional vehicles (based on internal combustion engine) | | 112 | 152 | 240 | 98 | 129 | 55 | 71 | 89 | 50 | 66 |
Hybrid vehicles | | 4 | 10 | 23 | 40 | 30 | 12 | 20 | 29 | 13 | 14 |
Electric vehicles | | 20 | 36 | 78 | 58 | 130 | 99 | 113 | 146 | 186 | 141 |
Fuel efficiency-improving vehicle design (common to all road vehicles) | | 7 | 10 | 25 | 18 | 17 | 11 | 19 | 10 | 23 | 10 |
Rail transport | | 4 | 9 | 12 | 10 | 17 | 15 | 21 | 15 | 10 | 5 |
Maritime or waterways transport | | 9 | 14 | 55 | 15 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 27 | 25 | 10 |
Aeronautics or air transport | | 14 | 20 | 65 | 29 | 58 | 55 | 66 | 95 | 88 | 66 |
Enabling technologies in transport | | 5 | 15 | 33 | 28 | 69 | 58 | 75 | 86 | 123 | 96 |
Enabling technologies in transport | Electric vehicle charging | | 5 | 13 | 23 | 22 | 62 | 47 | 67 | 72 | 111 | 85 |
Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells | | .. | 2 | 18 | 13 | 10 | 15 | 10 | 15 | 17 | 12 |
Climate change mitigation technologies related to buildings | | 94 | 166 | 379 | 189 | 436 | 377 | 500 | 357 | 380 | 357 |
Climate change mitigation technologies related to buildings | Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings | | 16 | 26 | 58 | 47 | 153 | 120 | 131 | 92 | 150 | 130 |
Energy efficiency in buildings | | 74 | 119 | 278 | 131 | 276 | 224 | 370 | 227 | 211 | 203 |
Energy efficiency in buildings | Energy efficient lighting | | 9 | 16 | 68 | 44 | 50 | 64 | 91 | 50 | 33 | 56 |
Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] | | 37 | 64 | 96 | 58 | 104 | 72 | 127 | 84 | 87 | 69 |
Energy efficiency in home appliances | | 16 | 15 | 35 | 14 | 35 | 20 | 39 | 38 | 21 | 18 |
Energy efficient elevators, escalators and moving walkways, e.g. energy saving or recuperation technologies | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | .. | 1 |
End-user side | | 13 | 26 | 92 | 15 | 84 | 76 | 124 | 57 | 71 | 61 |
Architectural or constructional elements improving the thermal performance of buildings | | 4 | 12 | 16 | .. | 4 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 5 |
Enabling technologies in buildings | | 5 | 16 | 41 | 20 | 43 | 54 | 61 | 55 | 38 | 45 |
Climate change mitigation technologies in the production or processing of goods | | 513 | 779 | 1 541 | 641 | 1 156 | 880 | 850 | 945 | 916 | 813 |
Climate change mitigation technologies in the production or processing of goods | Technologies related to metal processing | | 119 | 172 | 261 | 138 | 157 | 164 | 181 | 203 | 154 | 122 |
Technologies related to metal processing | Reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions | | 17 | 41 | 47 | 26 | 34 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 7 |
Process efficiency | | 103 | 152 | 222 | 117 | 141 | 160 | 179 | 198 | 148 | 117 |
Technologies relating to chemical industry | | 254 | 388 | 704 | 260 | 469 | 282 | 235 | 333 | 264 | 254 |
Technologies relating to chemical industry | Process efficiency in chemical industry | | 25 | 29 | 118 | 61 | 170 | 102 | 56 | 85 | 112 | 69 |
Feedstock | | 22 | 52 | 79 | 34 | 77 | 48 | 39 | 76 | 47 | 67 |
Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions, e.g. CO2 | | 3 | 4 | 22 | 12 | 91 | 28 | 28 | 22 | 28 | 13 |
Improvements relating to chlorine production | | 1 | .. | 3 | .. | 8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Improvements relating to adipic acid or caprolactam production | | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Improvements relating to fluorochloro hydrocarbon, e.g. chlorodifluoromethane [HCFC-22] production | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals | | 5 | 18 | 4 | 1 | 19 | 19 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 12 |
Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry | | 10 | 11 | 32 | 46 | 161 | 61 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 44 |
Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry | Bio-feedstock | | 8 | 6 | 21 | 38 | 136 | 52 | 39 | 42 | 35 | 39 |
Ethylene production | | 2 | 7 | 14 | 24 | 23 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 20 | 4 |
Technologies relating to the processing of minerals | | 32 | 39 | 63 | 28 | 54 | 28 | 38 | 30 | 40 | 34 |
Technologies relating to the processing of minerals | Production of cement | | 9 | 7 | 22 | 10 | 47 | 13 | 24 | 29 | 31 | 16 |
Production or processing of lime | | .. | 8 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | .. | 3 | .. |
Glass production | | 15 | 22 | 32 | 16 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 1 | 4 | 8 |
Production of ceramic materials or ceramic elements | | 8 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | .. | 3 | 10 |
Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries | | 27 | 31 | 60 | 29 | 71 | 99 | 103 | 128 | 206 | 134 |
Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries | Using renewable energies, e.g. solar water pumping | | 5 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 8 |
Measures for saving energy, e.g. in green houses | | 5 | .. | 3 | .. | 6 | 10 | 11 | 4 | 13 | 13 |
Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture | | 11 | 15 | 26 | 13 | 25 | 57 | 66 | 62 | 147 | 87 |
Land use policy measures | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 2 | .. | .. |
Afforestation or reforestation | | .. | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. |
Livestock or poultry management | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
Fishing; Aquaculture; Aquafarming | | 1 | .. | 2 | 1 | 9 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 2 |
Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking | | 5 | 9 | 26 | 13 | 24 | 22 | 19 | 54 | 40 | 32 |
Technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products | | 59 | 107 | 292 | 133 | 215 | 190 | 135 | 142 | 180 | 163 |
Climate change mitigation technologies for sector-wide applications | | 4 | 10 | 20 | 20 | 50 | 22 | 51 | 42 | 30 | 31 |
Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to GHG emissions mitigation | | 24 | 30 | 141 | 18 | 109 | 70 | 111 | 89 | 78 | 83 |
Climate change adaptation technologies | | 311 | 594 | 1 624 | 1 053 | 1 381 | 997 | 1 418 | 1 377 | 1 368 | 1 284 |
Climate change adaptation technologies | Adaptation at coastal zones or river basin | | 6 | 12 | 15 | 6 | 16 | 2 | 10 | 16 | 12 | 13 |
Adaptation at coastal zones or river basin | Hard structures, e.g. dams, dykes or breakwaters | | 3 | 6 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Dune restoration or creation; cliff stabilisation | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. |
Artificial reefs or seaweed; restoration or protection of coral reefs | | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 10 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Flood prevention; flood or storm water management | | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 3 | .. | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
Controlling, monitoring or forecasting | | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 3 | 7 | .. | 3 |
Water resource management | | 76 | 127 | 200 | 184 | 377 | 153 | 210 | 226 | 235 | 207 |
Water resource management | Demand-side technologies (water conservation) | | 37 | 80 | 101 | 86 | 236 | 88 | 134 | 143 | 150 | 124 |
Demand-side technologies (water conservation) | Indoor water conservation | | 8 | 37 | 20 | 22 | 32 | 18 | 39 | 38 | 48 | 33 |
Irrigation water conservation | | 18 | 22 | 64 | 47 | 131 | 53 | 77 | 68 | 93 | 83 |
Water conservation in thermoelectric power production | | 11 | 24 | 17 | 17 | 73 | 17 | 19 | 40 | 10 | 9 |
Supply-side technologies (water availability) | | 39 | 54 | 102 | 103 | 145 | 71 | 80 | 86 | 86 | 85 |
Supply-side technologies (water availability) | Water desalination | | 6 | 12 | 46 | 29 | 58 | 20 | 29 | 20 | 33 | 34 |
Water filtration; Water and wastewater treatment | | 25 | 16 | 40 | 11 | 37 | 19 | 24 | 28 | 26 | 20 |
Water collection (rain, surface and ground-water) | | 7 | 24 | 25 | 42 | 52 | 28 | 26 | 38 | 34 | 36 |
Water storage and distribution | | .. | 2 | 2 | 26 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 14 |
Protecting water resources | | 1 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 3 | .. | 2 | 1 | 1 | .. |
Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation | | 22 | 35 | 61 | 30 | 31 | 52 | 51 | 58 | 32 | 40 |
Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation | Extreme weather resilient electric power supply systems | | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 5 | .. | 2 | 3 | .. |
Structural elements or technology for improving thermal insulation | | 5 | 16 | 21 | .. | 5 | 8 | 11 | 18 | 7 | 8 |
Relating to heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] technologies | | 8 | 9 | 21 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 17 | 6 | 12 | 4 |
In transportation | | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 11 | 9 | 13 | 5 | 9 |
Planning or developing urban green infrastructure | | 3 | 2 | 8 | 14 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agro-alimentary production | | 64 | 134 | 300 | 196 | 291 | 169 | 222 | 192 | 292 | 200 |
Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agro-alimentary production | In agriculture | | 42 | 89 | 229 | 147 | 238 | 113 | 158 | 135 | 198 | 136 |
Ecological corridors or buffer zones | | 2 | .. | 3 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. |
In food processing or handling, e.g. food conservation | | 8 | 20 | 28 | 12 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 24 | 14 |
In livestock or poultry | | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 |
In fisheries management | | 12 | 26 | 40 | 35 | 36 | 38 | 45 | 37 | 71 | 50 |
Adaptation technologies in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather | | 144 | 274 | 953 | 606 | 619 | 536 | 765 | 800 | 715 | 685 |
Adaptation technologies in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather | Air quality improvement or preservation | | 24 | 45 | 55 | 52 | 83 | 37 | 45 | 42 | 37 | 57 |
Against vector-borne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change | | 118 | 227 | 895 | 552 | 534 | 488 | 717 | 745 | 676 | 626 |
Technologies having an indirect contribution to adaptation to climate change | | 10 | 27 | 114 | 56 | 160 | 105 | 205 | 134 | 134 | 176 |
Technologies having an indirect contribution to adaptation to climate change | Information and communication technologies [ICT] supporting adaptation to climate change, e.g. for weather forecasting or climate simulation | | 10 | 17 | 109 | 51 | 156 | 102 | 194 | 128 | 129 | 168 |
Assessment of water resources | | .. | 10 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
Monitoring or fighting invasive species | | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
Sustainable ocean economy | | 80 | 116 | 256 | 151 | 257 | 162 | 193 | 223 | 212 | 176 |
Sustainable ocean economy | Ocean renewable energy generation | | 5 | 21 | 49 | 40 | 108 | 61 | 74 | 98 | 63 | 66 |
Ocean renewable energy generation | Offshore wind energy | | 2 | 2 | 7 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 30 | 33 |
Offshore solar energy | | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 1 | 6 | 4 | .. | 3 |
Tide, wave, current and other marine energy | | 3 | 20 | 42 | 38 | 98 | 57 | 68 | 89 | 42 | 47 |
Ocean pollution abatement | | 41 | 33 | 52 | 31 | 38 | 21 | 27 | 41 | 24 | 16 |
Ocean pollution abatement | Ballast water treatment | | 1 | 4 | 6 | 21 | 13 | 7 | 10 | 24 | 7 | 4 |
Oil spill (and other floating debris) prevention and cleanup | | 40 | 29 | 46 | 10 | 26 | 14 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 12 |
Climate change mitigation in maritime transport | | 9 | 14 | 55 | 9 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 27 | 18 | 8 |
Climate change mitigation in maritime transport | Improved vessel design | | 9 | 12 | 46 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 14 | 6 | 2 |
Fuel-efficient propulsion or fuel substitution | | .. | 2 | 9 | 3 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 6 |
Climate change mitigation and adaptation in fishing, aquaculture and aquafarming | | 13 | 26 | 40 | 36 | 37 | 39 | 46 | 37 | 75 | 51 |
Desalination of sea water | | 6 | 12 | 46 | 29 | 58 | 20 | 29 | 20 | 33 | 34 |
Climate change adaptation in coastal zones | | 7 | 14 | 19 | 8 | 19 | 7 | 10 | 18 | 15 | 13 |