External sectors, trade and payments | Current account balance as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | -1.973 | -1.823 | -2.302 | -1.998 | -3.120 | -3.729 | -3.862 | -3.068 | -2.761 | -1.630 | -3.146 | -4.644 | -5.022 | -4.948 | -5.448 |
Exchange rate, national currency per USD | Pound Sterling | | 0.667 | 0.612 | 0.546 | 0.550 | 0.543 | 0.500 | 0.546 | 0.641 | 0.647 | 0.624 | 0.631 | 0.640 | 0.607 | 0.654 | 0.741 |
Imports of goods and services, volume in USD (national accounts basis) | US Dollar, 2015 | | 563 777 198 187.193 | 573 061 707 239.371 | 611 538 957 125.507 | 654 526 128 170.398 | 723 666 342 601.577 | 713 716 196 711.707 | 706 515 938 195.045 | 656 886 955 443.643 | 715 770 010 572.736 | 736 730 292 624.824 | 754 809 677 270.043 | 779 290 026 893.225 | 818 995 330 428.224 | 859 581 974 189.670 | 893 763 682 972.133 |
Goods and services trade, volume in USD | US Dollar, 2015 | | 564 864 689 954.542 | 574 336 980 634.628 | 608 074 366 440.128 | 652 408 957 988.874 | 728 340 867 159.835 | 717 626 590 445.310 | 723 887 535 412.915 | 666 309 065 843.359 | 717 865 463 366.408 | 753 285 815 879.646 | 765 251 350 689.919 | 778 595 039 342.398 | 802 356 579 401.536 | 837 474 125 515.134 | 865 875 663 990.838 |
Exports of goods and services, volume in USD (national accounts basis) | US Dollar, 2015 | | 565 952 181 721.892 | 575 612 254 029.886 | 604 609 775 754.749 | 650 291 787 807.349 | 733 015 391 718.092 | 721 536 984 178.912 | 741 259 132 630.784 | 675 731 176 243.076 | 719 960 916 160.080 | 769 841 339 134.468 | 775 693 024 109.794 | 777 900 051 791.571 | 785 717 828 374.848 | 815 366 276 840.597 | 837 987 645 009.543 |
Government accounts | Gross public debt, Maastricht criterion as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | 35.435 | 36.764 | 39.802 | 41.000 | 42.058 | 43.174 | 50.827 | 64.915 | 75.860 | 81.425 | 84.483 | 85.316 | 87.094 | 87.867 | 87.825 |
General government gross financial liabilities as a percentage of GDP | Ratio | | 35.435 | 36.764 | 39.802 | 41.000 | 42.058 | 43.174 | 50.827 | 64.915 | 75.860 | 81.425 | 84.483 | 85.316 | 87.094 | 87.867 | 87.825 |
General government net lending as a percentage of GDP | Percentage | | -2.014 | -3.254 | -3.200 | -2.921 | -2.840 | -2.738 | -5.235 | -10.182 | -9.302 | -7.428 | -8.033 | -5.348 | -5.492 | -4.565 | -3.298 |
Expenditure and GDP | Government final consumption expenditure, volume | Pound Sterling, 2018 | | 319 047 000 000.000 | 333 404 000 000.000 | 347 181 000 000.000 | 355 493 000 000.000 | 363 178 000 000.000 | 368 332 000 000.000 | 375 860 000 000.000 | 380 838 000 000.000 | 380 761 000 000.000 | 380 515 000 000.000 | 386 188 000 000.000 | 387 050 000 000.000 | 397 069 000 000.000 | 402 148 000 000.000 | 404 984 000 000.000 |
Private final consumption expenditure, volume | Pound Sterling, 2018 | | 1 068 594 969 061.490 | 1 104 507 802 279.940 | 1 135 209 696 862.850 | 1 166 916 716 449.220 | 1 175 385 377 266.440 | 1 212 795 116 747.010 | 1 204 602 946 023.190 | 1 169 855 020 411.880 | 1 195 037 003 721.450 | 1 191 067 434 880.110 | 1 211 642 869 706.570 | 1 242 398 442 777.980 | 1 276 102 233 903.440 | 1 312 250 762 578.940 | 1 360 537 661 857.520 |
Gross domestic product, nominal value, market prices | Pound Sterling | | 1 191 439 000 000.000 | 1 258 334 000 000.000 | 1 322 637 000 000.000 | 1 398 749 000 000.000 | 1 472 038 000 000.000 | 1 544 637 000 000.000 | 1 593 600 000 000.000 | 1 548 802 000 000.000 | 1 608 553 000 000.000 | 1 662 590 000 000.000 | 1 713 715 000 000.000 | 1 781 361 000 000.000 | 1 862 514 000 000.000 | 1 916 451 000 000.000 | 1 991 645 000 000.000 |
Gross domestic product, volume, market prices | Pound Sterling, 2018 | | 1 693 271 000 000.000 | 1 746 551 000 000.000 | 1 788 931 000 000.000 | 1 837 927 000 000.000 | 1 881 785 000 000.000 | 1 931 094 000 000.000 | 1 926 735 000 000.000 | 1 837 817 000 000.000 | 1 878 960 000 000.000 | 1 900 476 000 000.000 | 1 929 229 000 000.000 | 1 963 807 000 000.000 | 2 026 566 000 000.000 | 2 071 561 000 000.000 | 2 111 357 000 000.000 |
Gross fixed capital formation, total, volume | Pound Sterling, 2018 | | 291 584 000 000.000 | 298 917 000 000.000 | 306 870 000 000.000 | 319 499 000 000.000 | 328 697 000 000.000 | 343 028 000 000.000 | 331 947 000 000.000 | 291 210 000 000.000 | 305 032 000 000.000 | 305 354 000 000.000 | 310 222 000 000.000 | 320 303 000 000.000 | 342 840 000 000.000 | 367 340 000 000.000 | 386 225 000 000.000 |
Selected variables: ready-made growth rates | Government final consumption expenditure, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 | | 4.036 | 4.500 | 4.132 | 2.394 | 2.162 | 1.419 | 2.044 | 1.324 | -0.020 | -0.065 | 1.491 | 0.223 | 2.589 | 1.279 | 0.705 |
Harmonised headline inflation | Percentage, 2018 | | 1.234 | 1.376 | 1.346 | 2.036 | 2.347 | 2.314 | 3.597 | 2.184 | 3.302 | 4.463 | 2.801 | 2.568 | 1.472 | 0.050 | 0.642 |
Private final consumption expenditure, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 | | 2.656 | 3.361 | 2.780 | 2.793 | 0.726 | 3.183 | -0.675 | -2.885 | 2.153 | -0.332 | 1.727 | 2.538 | 2.713 | 2.833 | 3.680 |
Gross domestic product, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 | | 1.792 | 3.147 | 2.426 | 2.739 | 2.386 | 2.620 | -0.226 | -4.615 | 2.239 | 1.145 | 1.513 | 1.792 | 3.196 | 2.220 | 1.921 |
Gross fixed capital formation, total, volume, growth | Percentage, 2018 | | 1.994 | 2.515 | 2.661 | 4.115 | 2.879 | 4.360 | -3.230 | -12.272 | 4.746 | 0.106 | 1.594 | 3.250 | 7.036 | 7.146 | 5.141 |
Imports of goods and services, volume, growth (national accounts basis) | Percentage, 2018 | | 4.719 | 1.647 | 6.714 | 7.029 | 10.563 | -1.375 | -1.009 | -7.024 | 8.964 | 2.928 | 2.454 | 3.243 | 5.095 | 4.956 | 3.977 |
Harmonised core inflation | Percentage, 2018 | | 1.483 | 1.283 | 1.069 | 1.510 | 1.326 | 1.688 | 1.621 | 1.759 | 2.878 | 3.213 | 2.343 | 2.071 | 1.644 | 1.095 | 1.325 |
Gross domestic product, market prices, deflator, growth | Percentage, 2018 | | 2.123 | 2.393 | 2.620 | 2.935 | 2.787 | 2.253 | 3.403 | 1.891 | 1.584 | 2.189 | 1.539 | 2.117 | 1.318 | 0.661 | 1.965 |
Exports of goods and services, volume, growth (national accounts basis) | Percentage, 2018 | | 0.921 | 1.707 | 5.038 | 7.556 | 12.721 | -1.566 | 2.733 | -8.840 | 6.545 | 6.928 | 0.760 | 0.285 | 1.005 | 3.773 | 2.774 |
Prices and deflators | Consumer price index, harmonised | Index, 2018 | | 0.691 | 0.701 | 0.710 | 0.724 | 0.741 | 0.759 | 0.786 | 0.803 | 0.830 | 0.867 | 0.891 | 0.914 | 0.927 | 0.928 | 0.934 |
Gross domestic product, market prices, deflator | Index, 2018 | | 0.704 | 0.720 | 0.739 | 0.761 | 0.782 | 0.800 | 0.827 | 0.843 | 0.856 | 0.875 | 0.888 | 0.907 | 0.919 | 0.925 | 0.943 |
Imports of goods and services, deflator (national accounts basis) | Index, 2018 | | 0.751 | 0.761 | 0.755 | 0.775 | 0.791 | 0.786 | 0.871 | 0.877 | 0.905 | 0.961 | 0.950 | 0.959 | 0.918 | 0.866 | 0.908 |
Exports of goods and services, deflator (national accounts basis) | Index, 2018 | | 0.687 | 0.700 | 0.701 | 0.724 | 0.735 | 0.727 | 0.787 | 0.820 | 0.858 | 0.902 | 0.900 | 0.923 | 0.902 | 0.871 | 0.914 |
Labour markets | Total employment (labour force survey basis) | Persons | | 27 943 750.000 | 28 221 250.000 | 28 530 000.000 | 28 849 750.000 | 29 137 750.000 | 29 378 000.000 | 29 628 500.000 | 29 156 000.000 | 29 228 500.000 | 29 377 750.000 | 29 697 000.000 | 30 043 250.000 | 30 753 500.000 | 31 284 750.000 | 31 743 500.000 |
Labour force | Persons | | 29 472 750.000 | 29 710 750.000 | 29 954 250.000 | 30 314 250.000 | 30 809 000.000 | 31 032 750.000 | 31 415 000.000 | 31 559 000.000 | 31 725 500.000 | 31 970 750.000 | 32 268 000.000 | 32 517 250.000 | 32 779 250.000 | 33 065 250.000 | 33 376 750.000 |
Unemployment rate | Percentage | | 5.188 | 5.013 | 4.755 | 4.831 | 5.425 | 5.332 | 5.687 | 7.614 | 7.871 | 8.111 | 7.968 | 7.608 | 6.180 | 5.385 | 4.893 |
Monetary data | Long-term interest rate on government bonds | Percentage | | 4.894 | 4.527 | 4.882 | 4.414 | 4.502 | 5.011 | 4.591 | 3.648 | 3.624 | 3.136 | 1.918 | 2.390 | 2.569 | 1.901 | 1.305 |
Short-term interest rate | Percentage | | 4.060 | 3.735 | 4.638 | 4.760 | 4.849 | 6.002 | 5.511 | 1.214 | 0.700 | 0.875 | 0.827 | 0.513 | 0.543 | 0.574 | 0.499 |